Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus XVI ; Italian: Benedetto XVI ; German: Benedict XVI ; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger ; German pronunciation: ['jo: z? F' al? Zi ?? s'? Ats ???] ; 16 April 1927) served as Pope and the sovereignty of Vatican City State from 2005 to 2013. Benedict's election took place in 2005 papal papacy after the death of Pope John Paul II. Since his resignation, Benedict holds the unique title of "Pope Emeritus".
Ordained a priest in 1951 in his native Bavaria, Ratzinger had established himself as a highly respected university theologian in the late 1950s and was appointed full professor in 1958. After a career as an academic and professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointed as Archbishop of Munich and Freising and Cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience. In 1981, he was appointed as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important of the Roman Curia. From 2002 to being elected Pope, he is also the Dean of the College of Cardinal. Before becoming Pope, he was "a great figure on the Vatican stage for a quarter of a century"; he had an "unequivocal" influence when it came to establishing the priorities and directions of the church "as one of John Paul II's closest beliefs. He has lived in Rome since 1981.
He was originally a liberal theologian, but adopted a conservative view after 1968. His productive writings defended traditional Catholic doctrines and values. During his pontificate, Benedict XVI advocated a return to fundamental Christian values ​​to counter the increasing secularization of many Western countries. He views the rejection of relativism to objective truth, and the rejection of moral truth in particular, as the main problem of the 21st century. He taught the importance of the Catholic Church and the understanding of God's redemptive love. Pope Benedict also revived a number of traditions, including elevating the Tridentin Mass to a more prominent position. He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and the arts, promoted the use of Latin, and reintroduced traditional papal attire, which was the reason he was called the "aesthetic whale". He has been described as "the main intellectual force in the Church" since the mid-1980s.
On February 11, 2013, Benedict announced his resignation in a speech in Latin before the cardinals, citing "lack of mind and body power" because of his advanced age. His resignation became effective on February 28, 2013. He was the first pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415, and the first did so on his own initiative since Pope Celestine V in 1294. As pope emeritus, Benedict retained his
Video Pope Benedict XVI
Kehidupan awal: 1927-1951
Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger was born on April 16, Holy Saturday, 1927, at SchulstraÃÆ'Ÿe 11, at 8:30 am at his parents' home in Marktl, Bavaria, Germany. He was baptized on the same day. He is the third and youngest son of Joseph Ratzinger, Sr., a police officer, and Maria Ratzinger (nÃÆ' Â © e Peintner); his uncle was a German priest politician, Georg Ratzinger. His mother's family came from South Tyrol (now in Italy). Pope Benedict's elder brother, Georg Ratzinger, is a Catholic priest and former director of Regensburger Domspatzen choir. His sister, Maria Ratzinger, who never married, manages Cardinal Ratzinger's household until his death in 1991.
At the age of five, Ratzinger was in a group of children who welcomed Cardinal Cardinal Munich's visit with interest. Attacked by the cardinal's distinctive outfit, he announced on that day that he wanted to become a cardinal. He attended elementary school at Aschau am Inn, which was renamed in his honor in 2009.
The Ratzinger family, especially his father, despised the Nazis, and his father's opposition to Nazism resulted in family demotion and abuse. After his 14th birthday in 1941, Ratzinger was required to become a Hitler Youth - since membership was required by law for all German boys 14 years after March 1939 - but an unenthusiastic member who refused to attend the meeting, you think. In 1941, one of Ratzinger's cousins, a 14-year-old boy with Down syndrome, was taken away by the Nazi regime and killed during the Nazi Ezine Action T4 campaign. In 1943, while still in seminary, he was recruited into a German anti-aircraft corps as the Luftwaffenhelfer. Ratzinger was later trained in the German infantry. As the Allied front drew nearer to his post in 1945, he left his family home in Traunstein after his unit ceased, just as American troops established a headquarters in Ratzinger's household. As a German soldier, he was interned in prisoner of war camp, but was released several months later at the end of the war in May 1945.
Ratzinger and his brother, Georg entered Saint Michael Seminary in Traunstein in November 1945, then studied at Ducal Georgianum ( Herzogliches Georgianum ) from Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich. They were ordained in Freising on June 29, 1951 by Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber of Munich. Ratzinger remembers: "when the old Archbishop put his hand on me, a small bird - perhaps a bird - flew from the altar in a high cathedral and sing a little bit of joy."
The Ratzinger Dissertation of 1953 was in St Augustine and was given the title People and the House of God in the Augustine Church Teachings . Habilitation (which makes it eligible for professor's position) is in Bonaventure. It was completed in 1957 and he became a professor of Freising College in 1958.
Meet with Romano Guardini
In his early twenties, he was strongly influenced by the thought of Italian German Romano Guardini who taught at Munich from 1946 to 1951 when Ratzinger studied at Freising and then at the University of Munich. The intellectual affinity between these two thinkers, who would later become the decisive figure for the Church of the 20th century, was preoccupied with an essential rediscovery of Christianity. Guardini with the 1938 book "The Essence of Christianity," while Ratzinger wrote "Introduction to Christianity," three decades later in 1968. Guardini inspired many people in the Catholic social-democratic tradition, in particular the Communion and Liberation movement at New Evangelization was pushed under the papacy of Polish Pope John Paul II. At the end of the 20th century, Cardinal Ratzinger would write an introduction to the 1999 reissue of The Lord's classic book in 1954.
Maps Pope Benedict XVI
Pre-whale career
Academic career: 1951-1977
Ratzinger became professor at the University of Bonn in 1959, his first lecture was about "God of Faith and God of Philosophy". In 1963, he moved to the University of MÃÆ'¼nster. During this period, he participated in the Second Vatican Council (1962-65) and served as the peritus (theological consultant) for Cardinal Frings in Cologne. He was seen during the Council's time as a reformer, in collaboration with theologians such as Hans KÃÆ'¼ng and Edward Schillebeeckx. Ratzinger became an admirer of Karl Rahner, a renowned academic theologian of Nouvelle ThÃÆ'Â ologie and a supporter of church reform.
In 1966, Ratzinger was appointed to a chair in dogmatic theology at the University of TÃÆ'¼bingen, where he was a colleague of Hans KÃÆ'¼ng. In his 1968 Introduction to Christianity, he wrote that the pope has an obligation to hear different voices within the Church before making a decision, and he underestimates the centrality of the papacy. During this time, he distanced himself from the TÃÆ'¼bingen atmosphere and the Marxist tendencies of the rapidly radicalizing student movement of 1960s, in 1967 and 1968, culminated in a series of disturbances and unrest in April and May 1968. Ratzinger came increasingly to see this development and (such as a decrease of respect for authority amongst his students) because it is connected to the departure of traditional Catholic teachings. Despite the reformist bending, his views are increasingly contradictory to liberal ideas that earn currencies among theologians.
Several voices, among them KÃÆ'¼ng, regarded this as a change towards conservatism, while Ratzinger himself said in a 1993 interview, "I do not see a pause in my view as a theologian [for years]". Ratzinger continues to defend the work of the Second Vatican Council, including Nostra aetate, documents on respect for other religions, ecumenism and statements of the right to religious freedom. Later, as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger plainly defined the position of the Catholic Church on other religions in the 2000 Dominus Iesus document which also spoke about the Catholic way of getting involved in the "Ecumenical Dialogue". During his time at TÃÆ'¼bingen University, Ratzinger published an article in the journal of reformist theologian Concilium, though he increasingly chose less reformist themes than other contributors to magazines such as KÃÆ'¼ng and Schillebeeckx.
In 1969, he returned to Bavaria, to the University of Regensburg and founded the theological journal Communio, with Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac, Walter Kasper and others, in 1972. Communio , now published in 17 languages, including German, English, and Spanish, has become a leading journal of contemporary Catholic theological thought. Until his election as pope, he remains one of the most productive contributors to the journal. In 1976, he suggested that the Augsburg Confession may be recognized as a statement of the Catholic faith. Some of Benedict's former students became his beloved, especially Christoph Schönnborn, and a number of his former students sometimes met for discussion. He served as Vice President of the University of Regensburg from 1976 to 1977.
Archbishop of Munich and Freising: 1977-1982
On 24 March 1977, Ratzinger was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising. He took as his episcopal motto Cooperatores Veritatis of 3 John 8, an option he commented on in his autobiographical work, Milestones . In the consistory on the 27th of June next, he was named Cardinal-Imam of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino by Pope Paul VI. In 2005 Conclave, he was one of only 14 remaining cardinals appointed by Paul VI, and one of only three of them under the age of 80. Of this number, only he and William Wakefield Baum took part in the conclave.
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: 1981-2005
On November 25, 1981, Pope John Paul II, after Franjo's retirement? Eper, named Ratzinger as the Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, formerly known as the "Holy Congregation of the Holy Office", the Historic Roman Inquiry. As a result, he resigned from his position in Munich in early 1982. He was promoted in the College of Cardinals to become Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni in 1993 and was appointed vice-dean of college in 1998 and dean in 2002. Just a year after foundation in 1990 Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger joined the European Academy of Sciences and Arts in Salzburg/Austria in 1991.
Ratzinger defended and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, including teaching topics such as birth control, homosexuality and interreligious dialogue. Theologian Leonardo Boff, for example, was suspended, while others like Matthew Fox were criticized. Other issues also encourage criticism or repeal of the right to teach: for example, some posthumous works of Jesuit priest Anthony de Mello are the subject of notification. Ratzinger and the congregation see many of them, especially later works, as having an element of religious indifferentism ( ie. , Christ is "one lord next to another"). In particular, Dominus Iesus , published by the congregation in Jubilee 2000, reaffirms many recent "unpopular" ideas, including the Catholic Church's position that "Salvation is not found in others, because there is no other name under heaven given to the man through whom we must be saved. "The document angered many Protestant churches by claiming that they were not actually churches, but" ecclesial communities ".
The letter Ratzinger 2001 De delictis gravioribus clarified the secrecy of internal church inquiry, as defined in the 1962 Crimen Sollicitationis document, into allegations made against certain criminal priests, including harassment sexual. This becomes controversial during the case of sexual harassment. For 20 years, Ratzinger was the person responsible for enforcing the documents. While bishops hold secrecy only internally, and do not preclude investigation by civil law enforcement, the letter is often seen as promoting closure. Later, as pope, he was charged in a conspiracy suit to cover up the persecution of three sons in Texas, but sought and gained diplomatic immunity from responsibility.
On March 12, 1983, Ratzinger, as prefect, informed lay laypeople and clergy that Bishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc had issued excommunication latae sententiae for illegal episcopal consecration without an apostolic mandate. In 1997, when he was 70 years old, Ratzinger asked Pope John Paul II for permission to leave the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and to become an archivist in the Vatican Secret Archives and a librarian at the Vatican Library, but Pope John Paul II rejected his approval.
Papal: 2005-2013
Selection for the papacy
Benedict XVI was elected the 265th Pope at the age of 78. He is the oldest man elected pope since Pope Clement XII (1730-40). He took a longer time as a cardinal before becoming a Pope than the Pope since Benedict XIII (1724-30). Benedict and his Polish predecessor John Paul II were the first successive non-Italian ponies since the seventh Frenchman of Avignon Papacy (1309-78). The last pope named Benedict was Benedict XV, an Italian who ruled from 1914 to 1922, during World War I (1914-18).
On January 2, 2005, Time magazine quoted an unnamed Vatican source as saying that Ratzinger was a front runner to replace John Paul II if he died or became too ill to continue as pope. On the death of John Paul II, the Financial Times gave Ratzinger a chance to become pope 7-1, a leading position, but close to his rival in the liberal wing of the church. In April 2005, before being elected pope, he was identified as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time . While prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger repeatedly declared that he wanted to retire to his home in the Bavarian village of Pentling, near Regensburg and dedicated himself to writing the book.
At the conclave, "that, if not Ratzinger, who? And when they come to know him, the question becomes, why not Ratzinger?" On April 19, 2005, he was elected on the second day after four ballots. Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor describes the last sound: "It's very serious when you go up one by one to put your voice in the jar and you look at Michelangelo's Last Judgment, and I still remember clearly then Cardinal Ratzinger sitting on the edge of his chair. "Ratzinger hopes to retire calmly and says that" At some point, I pray to God 'please do not do this to me'... Obviously, this time He is not listening to me. " Before his first appearance on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, he was announced by Jorge Medina Està © à © vez, Cardinal Protodeacon of the Catholic Church. Cardinal Medina Està © vez first spoke to the crowd as "beloved brothers and sisters" in Italian, Spanish, French, German and English, with each language receiving international cheers, before continuing with the < i> Habemus Papam announcement in Latin.
On the balcony, Benedict's first words to the crowds, given in Italian before he gave traditional Urbi et Orbi thanks in Latin, were:
Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the Cardinals have chosen me, a simple, simple worker in the Lord's vineyard. The fact that God knows how to work and act even with instruments that do not comfort me enough, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the Risen Lord, assured of his unending support, let's move forward. God will help us, and Mary, His Most Holy Mother, will be on our side. Thank you.
On April 24, he celebrated the Pope's Inaugural Mass in St. Peter's Square, where he invested with Pallium and the Fisherman Ring. On May 7, he took over his cathedral church, Archbasilica of St. John Lateran.
Choice name
Ratzinger chose the name of Pope Benedict, who comes from the Latin word meaning "blessed", in honor of Pope Benedict XV and Saint Benedict of Nursia. Pope Benedict XV was pope during the First World War, during which time he enthusiastically pursued peace among the warring countries. St. Benedict of Nursia is the founder of Benedictine monasteries (mostly Medieval monasteries of the Benedictine order) and the author of Rule of Saint Benedict, still the most influential writings on the monastic life of Western Christianity. The Pope explained his choice of name during his first general audience in St. Peter's Square, on April 27, 2005:
Filled with feelings of awe and gratitude, I wanted to talk about why I chose the name Benedict. First of all, I remember Pope Benedict XV, the courageous, courageous prophet, who guided the Church through times of war turmoil. In his step, I place my ministry in a service of reconciliation and harmony between people. In addition, I remember Saint Benedict of Nursia, the European patron, whose life awakened European Christian roots. I ask him to help us all to hold fast to the centrality of Christ in our Christian life: May Christ always occupy the first position in our thoughts and actions!
Papal tone
During his Inauguration Mass, the previous habits of each cardinal submitted to the Pope were replaced with twelve men, including cardinals, priests, religious, married couples and their children, and newly confirmed people, greeted him. (The cardinals have officially sworn their obedience to his election.) He starts using an open whale, saying that he wants to get closer to people. Pope Benedict continues the tradition of his predecessor, John Paul II and baptized several babies in the Sistine Chapel at the beginning of each year, in a pastoral role as Bishop of Rome.
Beatification
On May 9, 2005, Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, Pope John Paul II. Typically, five years must pass after one's death before the beatification process can begin. However, in hearings with Pope Benedict, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of Rome diocese and officials responsible for promoting the cause of the canonization of every person who died in the diocese, citing "extraordinary circumstances" which indicate that waiting periods may be released. This happened before, when Pope Paul VI renounced the five-year rule and announced the beatification process for his predecessors, Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII. Benedict XVI followed this precedent when he abolished the five-year rule for John Paul II. The decree was announced on May 13, 2005, the Feast of the Virgin Mary of FÃÆ'¡tima and the 24th anniversary of the life effort of John Paul II. John Paul II often praises the Virgin Mary of Fátima for preserving it that day. Cardinal Ruini inaugurated the diocesan phase of the cause of beatification at Lateran Basilica on 28 June 2005.
The first beatification under the new pope was celebrated on May 14, 2005, by Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, Cardinal of the Prefect of the Congregation for the Cause of the Saints. The new Blesseds are Mother Marianne Cope and Mother AscensiÃÆ'³n Nicol GoÃÆ'Â ± i. Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen was beatified on October 9, 2005. Mariano de la Mata was beatified in November 2006 and Rosa Eluvathingal was beatified on 3 December of that year, and Fr. Basil Moreau was beatified in September 2007. In October 2008 the following beatifications took place: Celestine of the Mother of God, Giuseppina Nicoli, Hendrina Stenmanns, Maria Rosa Flesch, Marta Anna Wiecka, Michael Sopocko, Peter Kibe Kasui and 187 Companions, Susana Paz-Castillo RamÃÆ'rez, and Maria Isbael Salvat Romero.
On September 19, 2010, during his visit to England, Benedict declared John Henry Newman's personal beatification.
Unlike its predecessor, Benedict XVI delegated the beatification liturgical service to the Cardinal. On September 29, 2005, the Congregation for the Cause of the Saints issued an announcement announcing that further beatification would be celebrated by the papal representative, usually the prefect of the Congregation.
Canonization
Pope Benedict XVI celebrated his first canonization on 23 October 2005 in St. Peter's Square as he canonized Josef Bilczewski, Alberto Hurtado SJ, Zygmunt Gorazdowski, Gaetano Catanoso and Felice da Nicosia. The canonization is a part of the Mass that marks the end of the General Session of the Synod of Bishops and the Year of the Eucharist. Pope Benedict XVI canonized Bishop Rafael Guizar y Valencia, Mother Theodore Guerin, Filippo Smaldone and Rosa Venerini on October 15, 2006.
During his visit to Brazil in 2007, Pope Benedict XVI led the canonization of Frei GalvÃÆ' o o on May 11, while George Preca, founder of Malta-based MUSEUM, Szymon of Lipnica, Charles of Mount Argus, and Marie-Eugà © nie de JÃÆ' © sus canonized in a ceremony held at the Vatican on June 3, 2007. Preca was the first Maltese since the conversion of the country to Christianity in 60 AD when St. Paul changed his people. In October 2008, the following canonization took place: Saint Alphonsa of India, Gaetano Errico, Narcisa de Jesus Martillo Moran and Maria Bernarda BÃÆ'¼tler. In April 2009, he canonized Arcangelo Tadini, Bernardo Tolomei, Nuno Pereira Pereira, Geltrude Comensoli, and Caterina Volpicelli. In October of the same year he canonize Jeanne Jugan, Jozef Damian de Veuster, Zygmunt Szcz? Sny Feli? Skiing, Francisco Coll Guitart, and Rafael ArnÃÆ'¡iz BarÃÆ'³n.
On October 17, 2010, Pope Benedict canonize Andrà ©  © Bessette, a French-Canadian; Stanislaw Soltys, a 15th-century Polish priest; Italian Monastery Giulia Salzano and Camilla Battista da Varano; Spanish Sister Candida Maria de Jesus Cipitria y Barriola and the first Australian saint, Mother Mary MacKillop. On 23 October 2011, Pope Benedict XVI canonize three saints: a Spanish nun Bonifacia RodrÃÆ'guez y Castro, the Italian archbishop Guido Maria Conforti and the Italian priest Luigi Guanella. In December 2011, Pope Benedict officially recognized the validity of the miracles necessary to continue the canonization of Kateri Tekakwitha, which would be the first true American saint, Marianne Cope, a nun working with lepers in what is now the state of Hawaii, Giovanni Battista Piamarta , an Italian priest, Jacques Berthieu, a French Jesuit priest and an African martyr, Carmen Salles y Barangueras, a Spanish nun and co-founder of the Immaculate Conception, Peter Calungsod, a lay catechist and martyr of the Philippines, and Anna Scha ffer whose desire to become a missionary was not fulfilled because of his illness. They are canonized on October 21, 2012.
Doctor Church
On October 7, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI called Hildegard of Bingen and John of Avila Doctors of the Church, the 34th and 35th individuals so well known in the history of Christianity.
Curia Reform
Pope Benedict made only modest changes to the structure of the Roman Curia. In March 2006, he placed both the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and the Sustainable Society and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace under a single president, Cardinal Renato Martino. When Martino retired in 2009, each Board received its own chair once more. Also in March 2006, the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue was briefly incorporated into the Pontifical Council for Culture under Cardinal Paul Poupard. The councils retained their separate officers and staff while their status and competence continued unchanged, and in May 2007 Interreligious Dialogue was restored to a separate status with its own president. In June 2010 Benedict formed the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of New Evangelization, appointing Archbishop Rino Fisichella as its first president. On 16 January 2013 Pope Benedict transferred the catechetical responsibility of the Congregation to the Clergy to the Pontifical Council for Promoting New Evangelization.
Teachings
As pope, one of Benedict XVI's principal roles is to teach Catholic faith and solutions to problems of discernment and exercise of faith, a role he can play well as the former head of the Church's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The main points of emphasis of his teachings are expressed in more detail in Pope Benedict XVI's Theology.
"Friendship with Jesus Christ"
At the end of his first homily as pope, Benedict refers to Jesus Christ and John Paul II. Quoting the famous words of John Paul II, "Do not be afraid! Open the door wide for Christ!", Benedict XVI said:
Is it possible that we all are not afraid in some ways? If we allow Christ to enter fully into our lives, if we fully open ourselves to Him, are we not afraid that He may take something from us?... And once again the Pope said: No! If we allow Christ into our lives, we do not lose anything, nothing, nothing at all that makes life free, beautiful, and great. No! Only in this friendship we experience beauty and liberation.... When we give ourselves to Him, we receive a hundredfold reply. Yes, open, open the door to Christ - and you will find true life.
"Friendship with Jesus Christ" is a theme that is often preached. He stressed that in this intimate friendship, "it all depends." He also said: "We are all called to open ourselves to this friendship with God... talking to him as a friend, the only one who can make the world a good and happy... That's what we have to do to put ourselves in his captivity. is a very important message.This is a message that helps overcome what can be considered the great temptation of our time: the claim, that after the Big Bang, God withdraws from history. "Thus, in his book Jesus of Nazareth >, its main purpose is "to help grow [the reader] the growth of a living relationship" with Jesus Christ.
He took this theme in his first encyclical Deus caritas est . In his personal explanation and summary of his encyclical, he states: "If friendship with God becomes to us something more important and decisive, then we will begin to love those who are loved by God and who needs us God wants us to be friends with friends and we can so, if we are close to them. "Thus, he says that prayer is" much needed... It is time to reaffirm the importance of prayer in the face of activism and the growing secularism of many Christians engaged in charitable work. "
"The dictatorship of relativism"
Continuing what he said at a pre-conclave Mass about what he often refers to as "the main problem of our faith today", on June 6, 2005, Pope Benedict also said:
Today, a very dangerous obstacle to the task of education is the massive presence in our society and culture of relativism which, without acknowledging anything as definitive, leaves as the ultimate criterion only oneself with his desires. And under the similarity of freedom it becomes a prison for each, because it separates people from each other, locking everyone into his own ego.
He said that "the dictatorship of relativism" is the main challenge facing church and humanity. At the root of this problem, he says, is Kant's "self-limitation." This, he says, contradicts the acclamation of modern science whose superiority is based on the power of reason to know the truth. He says that self-amputation of this reasoning leads to religious pathologies such as terrorism and science pathology such as ecological disaster. Benedict traces the failed revolts and violent ideologies of the twentieth century to a conversion of partial views of views into absolute guides. He says, "Legitizing what is not absolute but relative is called totalitarianism."
In a speech to the Rome diocese conference held at St. Basilica. John Lateran June 6, 2005, Benedict said on issues of same-sex marriage and abortion:
The various forms of marriage dissolution today, such as free unions, marriage experiments and ascending to pseudo-matrimonies by people of the same sex, are more of an expression of anarchist freedom that falsely escapes to the true freedom of man... from this becomes increasingly clear how contradictory human love is with deep male and female vocations, to systematically close their union with the gift of life, and even worse to suppress or tamper with life being born.
Christianity as religion according to reason
In discussions with secularism and rationalism, one of Benedict's basic ideas can be found in his speech on the "Cultural Crisis" in the West, the day before Pope John Paul II died, when he referred to Christianity as the Religion of the Logos (Greek for "kata", " reason "," mean ", or" intelligence "). He says:
From the very beginning, Christianity has understood itself as the religion of the Logos, as the religion of reason... It always defines man, all human beings without distinction, as God's creatures and images proclaiming to them... the dignity the same one. In this connection, the Enlightenment is of Christian origin and it is no coincidence that he was born precisely and exclusively within the realm of the Christian faith.... It is and is the Enlightenment service to once again propose the original values ​​of Christianity and give back the reason for its own voice... Today, this should be a philosophical force [Christian], as far as the problem is whether the world is derived from irrationality, and the reason is none other than 'subproducts,' sometimes even dangerous from its development - or whether the world comes from reason, and , as a consequence, its criteria and objectives... In the much needed dialogue between the secular and the Catholic, we Christians must be very careful to remain faithful to this fundamental line: to live the faith that comes from Logos , from creative reasons, and that, because of this, is also open to all that is truly rational.
Benedict also stressed that "Only creative reason, which in the crucified Lord manifested as love, can really show us the way."
Encyclopedia
Pope Benedict wrote three encyclicals: Deus caritas est (Latin for "God is Love"), Spe Salvi ("Saved by Hope"), and Caritas di veritate ("Love the Truth"). In his first encyclical, Deus caritas est, he says that a human being, created in the image of God who is love, is able to practice love: to give himself to God and others (agape), by receiving and experiencing love God is in contemplation. This love life, according to him, is the life of saints like Teresa of Calcutta and the Blessed Virgin Mary, and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them in Jesus Christ.
The encyclical contains nearly 16,000 words in 42 paragraphs. The first half is said to have been written by Benedict in German, his first language, in the summer of 2005; the second half comes from the unfinished writings left by his predecessor, Pope John Paul II. The document was signed by Pope Benedict on Christmas Day, December 25, 2005. The encyclical was announced a month later in Latin and translated into English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. This is the first encyclical to be published since the Vatican decided to affirm copyright in the pope's official writings.
Benedict's second encyclical, Spe Salvi ("Rescued by Hope"), about the virtue of hope, was released on November 30, 2007. The third Encyclical titled Caritas in veritate ("Love in Truth "or" Charity in Truth "), was signed on June 29, 2009 (Celebration of Peter and Paul Stations) and was released on July 7, 2009. In it, the Pope continued the Church's teaching on social justice. He condemned the prevalent economic system "where the damaging effects of sin are real," and asks people to rediscover ethics in business and economic relationships.
At the time of his resignation, Benedict completed the fourth encyclical draft entitled Lumen fidei ("Light of Faith"), intended to accompany his first two encyclicals to complete the trilogy of the three theological virtues of faith, hope, and love. The successor of Benedict, Pope Francis, completed and published Lumen Fidei in June 2013, four months after Benedict's retirement and succession Francis. Although the official encyclical is the work of Pope Francis, paragraph 7 of the encyclical explicitly states Francis's debt to Benedict: "Considerations of this faith - in continuation with all the Church's mysteries have been spoken of in this theological virtue - intended to complement what has been written Benedict XVI in his encyclicals about charity and hope He almost finished the first draft of an encyclical about faith, for this I am so grateful to him, and as his brother in Christ I have taken a fine of work and added some of my own contributions. "
Post-synodal apostolic calling
Motu proprio in Tridentine's Massa
On July 7, 2007, Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, stating that upon the "request of the faithful", the Mass celebration in accordance with the Misale of 1962 (commonly known as the Tridentine Mass), is easier to allow. Stable groups who had previously had to apply to their bishop for a Tridentine Mass might now only seek permission from their local imam. While Summorum Pontificum directed that the pastor should give the Tridentine Mass at the request of the faithful, it is also possible for any priest who is eligible to offer a personal celebration of the Tridentine Mass, which is acceptable to the faithful if they wish. For regular public celebrations of the Tridentine Mass, the permission of the priest in charge of the church is required.
In the accompanying letter, the Pope described his position on the question of new guidelines. Because there is concern that it will lead to the reversal of Vatican II, Benedict emphasizes that the Tridentine Mass will not diminish the Council, and that the Mass of Paul VI will remain the norm and the priest is not allowed to reject the Mass in that form. He points out that the use of the Tridentine Mass "has never been juridically annulled and, in consequence, in principle, always permitted." The letter also denounced the "liturgical deformation... for in many places, the celebrations did not fit the recipe of the new Mass" when the Second Vatican Council was mistakenly seen "as authorization or even in need of creativity", citing his own experience.
The Pope considers that allowing the Tridentine Mass for those who ask for it is a means of preventing or healing the schism, stating that, on occasions in history, "it is not sufficient for Church leaders to retain or regain reconciliation and unity" and that this " we are today: to make every effort to make it possible for all those who truly desire unity to remain in that union or to reach it again. " Many feel that the edict aims to end the divisions between the Holy See and traditionalist groups such as the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX). Cardinal DarÃÆ'o CastrillÃÆ'³n Hoyos, president of the Pontifical Commission formed for the purpose of facilitating an ecclesial alliance full of people associated with the Society, stated that the decree "opens the door for their return". Bishop Bernard Fellay, superior general of SSPX, expressed his "deep gratitude to the Sovereign Pope for this extraordinary spiritual benefit".
The unicity and universality of the Catholic Church salvifies
Toward the end of June 2007, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a document approved by Benedict XVI "because some contemporary theological interpretations of the ecumenical intentions of Vatican II have been 'wrong or ambiguous' and have caused confusion and doubt." The document has been seen as "a key part of the 2000 papal text when he became the prefect of the church, Dominus Iesus ."
Consumerism
Benedict XVI condemns excessive consumerism, especially among youth. He stated in December 2007 that "[A] teenagers, youth and even children are easy victims of love corruption, deceived by immoral adults who, lying to themselves and to them, the path of dead consumerism. " In June 2009, he blamed outsourcing for the greater availability of consumer goods that led to the downsizing of the social security system.
Ecumenical efforts
Speaking at his weekly hearing in St. Peter's Square on June 7, 2006, Pope Benedict insisted that Jesus himself had entrusted the Church leadership to the apostle Peter. "Peter's responsibility thus consists of securing fellowship with Christ," Pope Benedict said. "Let us pray that the superiority of Peter, entrusted to a poor man, can always be carried out in the original sense desired by God, so that it will be increasingly acknowledged in the true sense by the brothers who are still union with us."
Other Christian denominations
Also in 2006, Benedict met Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury and spiritual leader of Anglican Communion. In their General Declaration, they highlighted the previous 40 years of dialogue between Catholics and Anglicans while also recognizing "serious obstacles to our ecumenical progress". Benedict also recognizes the Lutheran church, saying that he already has friends in the denomination.
Judaism
When Benedict went to the Papacy, his election was welcomed by the Anti-Pollution League which noted "his great sensitivity to Jewish history and the Holocaust". However, his election received a more reserved response from British Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, who hoped that Benedict would "continue along the path of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II in working to improve relations with the Jews and the State of Israel." The Israeli Foreign Minister also offered more praise while, though the Minister believed that "this Pope, given his historical experience, will be particularly committed to the uncompromising struggle against anti-Semitism."
Critics accuse Pope Benedict of being insensitive to Judaism. Two of the most notable examples are the expansion of Tridentine Mass usage and the excommunication appointment of four bishops from St. Pius X (SSPX). In the Good Friday service, the traditional Bulk rubrics include prayers asking God to lift the hijab so that they [Jews] can be freed from their darkness . This prayer is historically disputed in the Judeo-Catholic relationship and some groups see the restoration of the Tridentine Mass as problematic. Among those whose excommunication was revoked was Bishop Richard Williamson, a vocal historical revisionist sometimes interpreted as a Holocaust denomination. The abrogation of his execution made the critics accuse the Pope of forgiving his historical revisionist view.
Islam
The relationship of Pope Benedict with Islam is sometimes tense. On September 12, 2006 he delivered a touching lecture on Islam at the University of Regensburg in Germany. The Pope previously served there as a theology professor, and his lecture was entitled "Faith, Reason and University - Memories and Reflections". The lecture received much attention from political and religious authorities. Many Islamic politicians and religious leaders register their protests against what they call a misnomer of Islam, although its focus is on rationality of religious violence, and its influence on religion. The Muslims were deeply offended by this verse quoted by the Pope in his speech: "Show me what the new Muhammad brought and there you will find evil and inhuman things, such as his command to be spread by the sword of faith which he preach. "
This section originally appeared in a Hosted Dialogue with Certain Persians, Mouterizes Eligible, in the Galatians of the Child written in 1391 as an expression of the view of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Paleologus, one of the last Christians. rulers before the fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Ottoman Empire, on issues such as forced conversion, holy war, and the relationship between faith and reason. According to the German text, the original comment of the Pope is that the emperor "speaks to his interlocutor in a very loud way - to us in a surprisingly rude manner" (wendet er sich in erstaunlich schroffer, uns ÃÆ'¼berraschend schroffer Form)./i> Pope Benedict apologizes for any offense he causes and intends to visit Turkey, a predominantly Muslim country, and pray at the Blue Mosque. Benedict planned on March 5, 2008, to meet Muslim scholars and religious leaders in autumn 2008 at a Catholic-Muslim seminar in Rome. The meeting, "The First Meeting of the Catholic-Muslim Forum," was held from 4-6 November 2008. On May 9, 2009, Benedict visited King Hussein Mosque, Amman, Jordan where he was addressed by Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad.
Tibetan Buddhism
The Dalai Lama congratulated Pope Benedict XVI on his election, and visited him in October 2006 in the Vatican City. In 2007 China was accused of using its political influence to stop the meeting between the Pope and the Dalai Lama.
Native American Confidence
When visiting Brazil in May 2007, "the pope sparked controversy by saying that the native population had been 'silent' because Christian faith was brought to South America by the occupiers." The Pope went on to state that "the proclamation of Jesus and his Gospel has never involved the alienation of pre-Columbian culture, nor of the imposition of a foreign culture." Then Venezuelan President Hugo ChÃÆ'Âvez demanded an apology, and an indigenous organization in Ecuador issued a response stating that "the representatives of the Catholic Church at the time, with the honorable exception, were accomplices, cheats and beneficiaries of one genocide the most terrible of all mankind. "Later, the Pope, who spoke Italian, told a weekly hearing that" it is impossible to forget the suffering and injustice inflicted by the invaders against the native population, whose fundamental rights are often trampled upon. "
Hinduism
While visiting the United States on April 17, 2008, Benedict met representatives of the International Community for Krishna Consciousness Radhika Ramana Dasa; a famous Hindu scholar and disciple of Hanumatpreshaka Swami. On behalf of the American Hindu community, Radhika Ramana Dasa presented the Om symbol gift to Benedict.
Apostolic Service
As pope, Benedict XVI performed many Apostolic activities including trips around the world and in the Vatican.
Benedict traveled extensively for the first three years of his papacy. In addition to his trip in Italy, Pope Benedict XVI made two visits to his homeland, Germany, one for World Youth Day and another to visit his childhood cities. He also visited Poland and Spain, where he was received with enthusiasm. His visit to Turkey, a very Muslim country, was initially overshadowed by the controversy about the lecture he had given in Regensburg. His visit was welcomed by nationalist and Islamic protesters and placed under unprecedented security measures. However, the journey continued and Benedict made a joint declaration with the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I in an effort to begin healing the rift between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
In 2007, Pope Benedict visited Brazil to discuss the Episcopal Conference there and canonize Friar AntÃÆ'Â'nio GalvÃÆ'Â £ o, a Franciscan from the 18th century. In June 2007, Benedict made a pilgrimage and personal pastoral visit to Assisi, the birthplace of St. Francis. In September, Benedict made a three-day visit to Austria, where he joined Viennese Chief Rabbi Paul Chaim Eisenberg in a memorial to the 65,000 Viennese Jews who died in Nazi death camps. During his stay in Austria, he also celebrated Mass at the Maria Mariazell temple and visited the Heiligenkreuz Monastery.
In April 2008, Pope Benedict XVI made his first visit to the United States since becoming pope. He arrived in Washington, DC where he was formally accepted at the White House and met personally with US President George W. Bush. While in Washington, the pope spoke to representatives of US Catholic universities, met with other world religious leaders, and celebrated Mass at the Washington Nationals baseball stadium with 47,000 people. The Pope also met privately with victims of sexual abuse by priests. The pope traveled to New York where he spoke to the General Assembly of the United Nations. Also when in New York, the Pope celebrates Mass at St. Anthony's Cathedral. Patrick, met with handicapped children and their families, and attended the event for the Catholic youth, where he spoke to about 25,000 young people present. On the last day of the Pope's visit, he visited the World Trade Center site and then celebrated Mass at Yankee Stadium.
In July 2008, the Pope traveled to Australia to attend World Youth Day 2008 in Sydney. On July 19th, at St. Mary's Cathedral, she made an apology for child sex abuse conducted by scholars in Australia. On September 13, 2008, at an out-of-Paris Mass attended by 250,000 people, Pope Benedict XVI condemned modern materialism - the world's love of power, possessions and money as a modern-day plague, comparing it to paganism. In 2009, he visited Africa (Cameroon and Angola) for the first time as pope. During his visit, he suggested that changing sexual behavior was the answer to the AIDS crisis in Africa, and urged Catholics to reach out and transform believers in magic. He visited the Middle East (Jordan, Israel, and Palestine) in May 2009.
Pope Benedict's main subject for pastoral activity is the Vatican itself, Christmas and Easter and Urbi et Orbi homilies sent from St. Peter's Basilica. The Vatican is also the only regular place where Benedict XVI travels through motors without a bulletproof protective box common to most popemobile. Although the arrangement is safer, Pope Benedict became a victim of security risks several times inside the Vatican City. On Wednesday, June 6, 2007 during the General Hearing, a man jumped across a barrier, dodging the guard and nearly boarded the Pope's vehicle, although he was stopped and Benedict apparently unaware of the event. On Thursday, December 24, 2009, when Pope Benedict went on to the altar to celebrate the Christmas Eve Mass at St. Peter's Basilica, a woman later identified as Susanna Maiolo, 25, who holds Italian and Swiss citizenship, jumped into the barrier and grabbed the Pope with his robes and pulled him to the ground. The 82-year-old man fell but was helped standing and he proceeded toward the altar to celebrate Mass. Roger Etchegaray, 87, deputy dean of the College of Cardinals, fell as well and suffered a hip fracture. Italian police reported that the woman had previously tried to greet the Pope at the previous Christmas Eve Mass, but was forbidden to do so.
In his homily, Pope Benedict excused Susanna Maiolo and urged the world to "wake up" from selfishness and small affairs, and find time for God and spiritual things.
Between 17 and 18 April, Pope Benedict made his Apostolic Journey to the Republic of Malta. After meeting with officials on its first day on the island, 50,000 people gathered in a drizzle for Pope Mass in the barn at Floriana. The Pope also met Maltese youth at Valletta Waterfront, where an estimated 10,000 young people appeared to greet him. During his visit, the Pope shed tears while expressing his embarrassment over the island's harassment cases during a 20-minute meeting with the victims.
Sex Sexual harassment in the Catholic Church
Prior to 2001, the primary responsibility for investigating allegations of sexual harassment and disciplining perpetrators was in their respective dioceses. In 2001, Ratzinger convinced John Paul II to put the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith responsible for all investigations and policies surrounding sexual harassment to combat such harassment more efficiently. According to John L. Allen, Jr., Ratzinger in the following years "gained familiarity with the contours of the problem that almost no other figure in the Catholic Church can claim" and "encouraged by the encounter with what he later referred to as 'dirt' in The Church, Ratzinger appears to have experienced something of a 'conversion experience' throughout 2003-04 Since then, he and his staff have seemed to be driven by the converting spirit to clean up the mess.In his role as Head of the CDF, he "led important changes made in Church law: inclusion in canon law of Internet infringement on children, expansion of child abuse violations to include sexual harassment all under 18 years, case by case excluding restrictive laws and the establishment of a fast-track dismissal from clerical states for offenders. "As the head of the CDF, Ratzinger developed a reputation for handling these cases," said Charles J. Scicluna, a former prosecutor in charge of sexual harassment, "Cardinal Ratzinger pointed out the wisdom and firmness in handling such cases, also showing great courage in the face of some of the most difficult and complicated cases, sine acceptione personarum (without exception) ".
One of Ratzinger's cases involved Father Marcial Maciel Degollado, a Mexican priest and founder of Legion Christ, who has been accused of repeated sexual harassment. Biographer Andrea Tornielli stated that Cardinal Ratzinger wanted to take action against Marcial Maciel Degollado, but that John Paul II and other high officials, including some cardinals and especially the influential secretary of the Pope, Stanis? Aw Dziwisz, prevent him from doing so. According to Jason Berry, Angelo Sodano "suppressed" Cardinal Ratzinger, who "operates on the assumption that the allegations are not justified", to stop the trial against Maciel in 1999. When Maciel was honored by the Pope in 2004, new accusers came forward. and Cardinal Ratzinger "took it himself to authorize an investigation of Maciel." After Ratzinger became pope, he began a trial against Maciel and the Legion of Christ forcing Maciel out of active service in the Church. On May 1, 2010, the Vatican issued a statement condemning Maciel's "immoral and objective acts" which were "confirmed by undeniable testimony" and represented "true crimes and manifested life without objection or authentic religious sentiments. " Pope Benedict also said he would appoint a special commission to examine the Legion's constitution and open an investigation into its lay affiliate, Regnum Christi. Cardinal Christoph SchÃÆ'¶nborn explains that Ratzinger "made an entirely clear effort not to cover up the matter, but to handle and investigate them." This is not always filled with consent at the Vatican. " According to SchÃÆ'¶nborn, Cardinal Ratzinger has pressed John Paul II to investigate Hans Hermann GroÃÆ' r½, an Austrian cardinal and friend of John Paul accused of sexual harassment, resulting in Groà peng's resignation.
In March 2010, the Pope sent a Pastoral Letter to the Catholic Church in Ireland that handles cases of sexual abuse by Catholic priests to minors, expressing sadness, and promising changes in the way abuse allegations are dealt with. Victim groups claim the letter failed to explain whether secular law enforcement has priority over secrecy of canon law relating to internal investigations of alleged abuse. The Pope then promised to introduce measures that would 'protect the youth of the future' and 'bring to justice' the priests responsible for the harassment. In April, the Vatican issued guidelines on how existing Church laws should be applied. The guidelines state that "civil law concerning criminal reporting... should always be followed." This guide is intended to comply with the norms set by the US bishop, but does not require the reporting of "allegations" or crimes in which reporting is not required by law.
Clothing
Pope Benedict XVI reintroduced some previously unused papal outfits. Pope Benedict XVI continues the use of the traditional papal red boots, which have been used since Roman times by the popes, but which were not used during the papacy of Pope John Paul II. Contrary to the early speculation of the press that the shoe was made by the Italian fashion house Prada, the Vatican announced that the shoe was supplied by the Pope's private shoe maker.
On one occasion, December 21, 2005, the Pope wore a camauro, a traditional red hat normally worn in winter. It has not been seen since papal Pope John XXIII (1958-1963). On September 6, 2006, the Pope began wearing a red cappello romano (also called saturno), a wide-brimmed hat for outdoor use. Rarely used by John Paul II, it is more widely used by its predecessors.
Charlotte Allen describes Benedict as "aesthetic pope": "He has reminded a worse and degrading world that there is something beautiful - whether it is manifested in a sonata or an altar or the clutches of embroidered or cloaked pieces - and the beauty of the world ultimately communicates the beauty that beyond worldly things. "
Health
Prior to being elected as pope in 2005, Ratzinger hopes to retire - due to age-related health issues, long desire to have free time to write, and retirement age for bishop (75) - and submitted his resignation as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith three times, but proceeded at his post in obedience to the wishes of Pope John Paul II. In September 1991, Ratzinger suffered a hemorrhagic stroke, which slightly interfered with his temporary vision but he fully recovered. It was never officially announced - the official news was that Ratzinger had fallen and hit his head against the radiator - but it was an open secret known to the conclave who chose him as pope.
After his election in April 2005 there were several rumors about the health of the Pope, but none were confirmed. Early on Pope Benedict XVI foresaw a brief government, which causes concerns about his health. In May 2005, the Vatican announced that he suffered another mild stroke. French Cardinal Philippe Barbarin said that since the first stroke of Ratzinger had age-related heart disease, where he was on medication. At the end of November 2006, people within the Vatican told the international press that the Pope had done a routine check on the heart. A few days later, an unconfirmed rumor emerged that Pope Benedict had undergone surgery in preparation for a crippling operation, but these rumors were only published by Italian small left wing newspapers and were never confirmed by Vatican insiders.
On July 17, 2009, Benedict was hospitalized after a fall and broke his right wrist while on holiday in the Alps; the wound is small.
After the announcement of his resignation, the Vatican revealed that Pope Benedict had been fitted with a pacemaker before he was elected as a pontiff in 2005. Batteries in pacemakers had been replaced three months earlier, a routine procedure, but that did not affect his decision.
Currently, Benedict has many health problems including high blood pressure and is reported to have fallen out of bed more than once, but the Vatican denies certain diseases.
Resignation
On February 11, 2013, the Vatican confirmed that Benedict XVI will resign on 28 February 2013, as a result of his advanced age, becoming the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415. At the age of 85 and 318 days on the effective date of his resignation, he is the fourth-oldest man in papal office. The move was unexpected. In modern times, all popes have held office to death. Benedict is the first pope to resign without external pressure since Celestine V
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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