Pregnancy teenagers , also known as teenage pregnancy , are pregnancies in women under 20 years of age. A woman may become pregnant from intercourse once she begins to ovulate, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of menstruation. In women with good nutrition, menarche usually occurs around the age of 12 or 13 years.
Pregnant teenagers face many problems related to pregnancy similar to other women. However, there are additional concerns for those under 15 years of age because they are less likely to develop physically to maintain a healthy pregnancy or childbirth. For girls aged 15-19 the risk is more related to socioeconomic factors compared to the biological effects of age. Low birth weight risk, preterm labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are linked to biological age, observed in adolescent births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as accessing prenatal care, etc.).
In developed countries, teenage pregnancy is associated with social problems, including lower levels of education, poverty, and other negative life outcomes in adolescent mothers. Teenage pregnancies in developed countries are usually beyond marriage, and bring social stigma in many communities and cultures. Conversely, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies are welcomed by families and communities. However, in this society, early pregnancy can be combined with malnutrition and poor health care leading to medical problems.
When used in combination, education intervention and promotion of birth control can reduce the risk of unwanted teenage pregnancy. In developing countries, 7.3 million women under the age of 18 give birth per year. If all pregnancies are included, the number of teenage pregnancies is much higher.
Video Teenage pregnancy
Definisi
Mother's age is determined by a date that is easily verified when pregnancy ends, not by an approximate date of conception. As a result, statistics do not include pregnancies beginning in women aged 19 years if they end on or after the 20th birthday of women. Similarly, statistics on maternal marital status are determined by whether he is married at the end of pregnancy, not at conception.
Maps Teenage pregnancy
Effects
According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), "Pregnancy among girls less than 18 years old has irreparable consequences, violating the rights of girls, with life-threatening consequences in sexual and reproductive health, and incurring high development costs for the community, especially in perpetuating the cycle of poverty. "Health consequences include not yet physically ready for pregnancy and childbirth causing complications and malnutrition because the majority of adolescents tend to come from low-income households. The risk of maternal mortality for girls under the age of 15 in low- and middle-income countries is higher than women in their twenties. Teen pregnancies also affect girls' education and income potential as many are forced to drop out of school which ultimately threatens future opportunities and economic prospects.
Several studies have examined the socioeconomic, medical, and psychological consequences of pregnancy and parents in adolescents. The live outcomes for adolescent mothers and their children vary; Other factors, such as poverty or social support, may be more important than maternal age at birth. Many solutions to overcome the negative findings that have been proposed. Teen parents who can rely on family and community support, social services and childcare support are more likely to pursue education and get higher paying jobs as they progress with their education.
A holistic approach is needed to address teenage pregnancies. This means not focusing on changes in girls' behavior but addressing the underlying reasons for teenage pregnancy such as poverty, gender inequality, social pressure and coercion. This approach should include "the provision of age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education for all youth, investing in girls' education, preventing child marriage, sexual and coercion, building a gender-equitable society by empowering girls and involving men and boys. and ensure access by adolescents to sexual and reproductive health information and services that welcome them and facilitate their choice. "
In the United States, one-third of high school students report sexually active. In 2011-2013 79% of women reported using contraception. Teen pregnancies put young women at risk for health, economic, social and financial problems.
Mother
Being a young mother in a first world country can affect a person's education. Teenagers are more likely to drop out of school. However, recent research has found that many of these mothers have dropped out before pregnancy, but those who attend school during their pregnancy tend to graduate as their peers. One study in 2001 found that women who gave birth during their adolescence completed high school levels of 10-12% as often and pursued post-secondary education 14-29% as often as women who waited until age 30 years. young mothers in industrialized countries can affect jobs and social class. Less than a third of adolescent mothers receive any form of child support, greatly increasing the likelihood of asking for government assistance. The correlation between childbirth before and failure to finish high school reduces career opportunities for many young women. One study found that, in 1988, 60% of adolescent mothers became poor at delivery. Additional research found that nearly 50% of all adolescent mothers seek social assistance within the first five years of their child's life. A study of 100 teenage mothers in England found that only 11% received salary, while the remaining 89% were unemployed. Most of Britain's teenage mothers live in poverty, with almost half of it in the bottom five of income distribution. Pregnant women or mothers are seven times more likely to commit suicide than other teenagers. Professor John Ermisch at the institute of social and economic research at Essex University and Dr Roger Ingham, director of the sexual health center at the University of Southampton - found that comparing teenage mothers to other girls with poor socioeconomic profiles, poor school experience and low educational aspirations , the difference in the chances of each life can be ignored.
Maternal age may actually make economic sense for young women with less money, some research suggests. For example, a long-term study by economist Duke University V. Joseph Hotz and colleagues, published in 2005, found that at age 35, former adolescent mothers had earned more income, paid more taxes, were substantially less likely to live in poverty. and collect less in public assistance than the same poor woman who waits until the age of 20 to have a baby. Women who became mothers in their teens - freed from the task of raising children in their late 20s and early 30s to pursue work while poor women waiting to be mothers are still trapped at home watching their young children - paying more taxes than they collect in welfare. Eight years earlier, the federal report "Kids Having Kids" also contained similar findings, even though it was buried: "Teenagers give slightly better tariffs than their peers in the future in terms of their overall economic well-being."
According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, almost 1 in 4 teen moms will experience another pregnancy within two years after the first pregnancy. Pregnancy and childbirth significantly increase the likelihood that these mothers will become high school dropouts and as many as half have to live in welfare. Many teenage parents do not have the intellectual or emotional maturity necessary to provide another life. Often, these pregnancies are hidden for months resulting in inadequate prenatal care and harmful results for the baby. Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have a closer recurring birth include marriage and education: the likelihood of decreasing with the level of education of young women - or their parents - and increasing if she gets married.
Child
Motherhood can affect the baby's psychosocial development. Children of teenage mothers are more likely to be born prematurely with low birth weight, which makes them more vulnerable to other lifelong conditions. Children of adolescent mothers are at a higher risk of intellectual, linguistic, and socio-emotional delays. Developmental disability and behavioral problems are increasing in children born to teenage mothers. One study showed that teenage mothers tend to less stimulate their babies through loving behaviors such as touch, smile, and verbal communication, or become sensitive and accept to their needs. Others find that those with more social support are less likely to show anger toward their children or rely on punishment.
Poor academic performance in adolescent mothers has also been noted, with many children being reinstated grade level, scoring lower on standardized tests, and/or failing to graduate from high school. Girls born to teenage parents are more likely to be teen mothers themselves. Children born to teenage mothers are three times more likely to undergo punishment in prison.
Medical
Maternal health and pregnancy are of particular concern among teenagers who are pregnant or parent. The incidence of preterm birth and low birth weight worldwide is higher among adolescent mothers. In a rural hospital in West Bengal, adolescent mothers aged between 15 and 19 are more likely to have anemia, preterm birth, and low birth weight infants than mothers between 20 and 24 years old.
Research shows that pregnant teens tend to receive less prenatal care, often looking in the third trimester, if at all. The Guttmacher Institute reports that one-third of pregnant teenagers receive inadequate prenatal care and that their children are more likely to have health problems in childhood or hospitalized than those born to older women.
In the case for Latinas and teenage pregnancies there are barriers that prevent them from receiving health care. That's because the Latino population is the most uninsured group in the United States
Young mothers given high quality maternity care have babies that are significantly healthier than those who do not. Many health problems associated with adolescent mothers arise due to lack of access to adequate medical care.
Many pregnant teens risk nutritional deficiencies from poor eating habits that are common in adolescence, including weight loss through diet, skipping meals, faddism foods, snacking, and fast food consumption.
Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy is an even more marked problem among adolescents in developing countries. Pregnancy complications result in the deaths of approximately 70,000 teenage girls in the developing world each year. Young mothers and their babies are also at greater risk of contracting HIV. The World Health Organization estimates that the risk of death after pregnancy is twice as high for women aged 15-19 years as compared to those aged 20-24. The maternal mortality rate can be up to five times higher for girls aged 10-14 years than women aged 20-24. Illegal abortion also poses many risks for adolescent girls in areas such as sub-Saharan Africa.
The risk for medical complications is greater for girls under the age of 15, because less developed flanks can cause labor difficulties. Blocked work is usually handled by caesarean section in industrialized countries; However, in developing areas where medical services may be unavailable, it may cause eclampsia, obstetric fistula, infant mortality, or maternal death. For mothers older than fifteen, age itself is not a risk factor, and poor outcomes are more socio-economic than biological.
Risk factors
Culture
Rates of teenage pregnancy are higher in communities where it is traditional for women to marry young and where they are encouraged to give birth to children as soon as they are able. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is evidence of young female fertility. Countries where teenage marriage is a common experience of higher teenage pregnancy rates. In the Indian subcontinent, early marriage and pregnancy are more common in traditional rural communities than in cities. Lack of education about safe sex, whether it's from parents, school, or otherwise, is the cause of teenage pregnancy. Many teenagers are not taught about birth control methods and how to deal with peers who pressurize them to have sex before they are ready. Many pregnant teenagers have no awareness of the central facts of sexuality.
Economic incentives also affect the decision to have children. In societies where children start working at an early age are economically attractive having many children.
In societies where teenage marriages are less common, such as many developed countries, younger age at first sexual intercourse and lack of use of contraceptive methods (or inconsistent and/or false use, the use of methods with high failure rates is also a problem) may be a factor in teenage pregnancy. Most teenage pregnancies in developed countries do not seem to be planned. Many Western countries have instituted sex education programs, the main purpose is to reduce unplanned pregnancy and STDs. Countries with low adolescent childbirth accept intercourse among adolescents and provide comprehensive and balanced information about sexuality.
Other family members
Teenage pregnancy and mother role can affect siblings. One study found that younger sisters of adolescent mothers tended to emphasize the importance of education and employment and were more likely to accept human sexual behavior, parenthood, and marriage at a younger age; younger brothers, too, were found to be more tolerant of non-marital and early births, in addition to being more vulnerable to high-risk behaviors. If younger siblings of teenage parents take care of children, they have an increased risk of conceiving themselves. Once an older daughter has a child, parents often become more accepting as time passes. The probability of a sister who has a teenage pregnancy changes from one to five to two out of five if the sister has a baby as a teenager.
Sexuality
In most countries, most men experience sexual intercourse for the first time before their 20th birthday. Men in Western developed countries have sex for the first time faster than in culturally undeveloped and culturally conservative countries such as Sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia.
In a 2005 Kaiser Family Foundation study of US adolescents, 29% of teenagers reported feeling the pressure to have sex, 33% sexually active adolescents reported "being in a relationship where they feel things are moving too quickly sexually," and 24% have "doing something sexual that they really do not want to do". Some polls show peer pressure as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex. Increased sexual activity among adolescents is manifested in increased teenage pregnancy and increased sexually transmitted diseases.
Role of drug and alcohol use
Inhibition-reducing drugs and alcohol can encourage unwanted sexual activity. If so, it is not known whether the drug itself directly affects teens to engage in risky behavior, or whether teenagers who engage in drug use are more likely to have sex. Correlation does not mean cause and effect. Drugs with the strongest evidence linking them to teenage pregnancy are alcohol, marijuana, "ecstasy", and other alternative amphetamines. Drugs with the fewest evidence to support a link to early pregnancy are opioids, such as heroin, morphine, and oxycodone, whose effect is significantly decreased libido - it appears that adolescent opioid users have significantly reduced the level of conception compared with those not using , and alcohol, "ecstasy", marijuana, and amphetamine using peers.
Early publishing
Early mature girls tend to have sex at a younger age, which in turn puts them at greater risk of teenage pregnancy.
Lack of contraception
Adolescents may lack knowledge about, or access to, conventional methods to prevent pregnancy, because they may be too shy or afraid to seek such information. Contraception for teenagers presents a great challenge for doctors. In 1998, the United Kingdom government set a target of halving pregnancy rates below 18 years in 2010. The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (TPS) was established to achieve this. The pregnancy rates in this group, although decreased, rose slightly in 2007, to 41.7 per 1,000 women. Young women often think of contraception either as a 'pill' or a condom and have little knowledge of other methods. They are strongly influenced by negative stories, both hands on contraceptive methods from their friends and the media. Prejudice is very difficult to overcome. Excessive concern about side effects, such as weight gain and acne, often affects choice. Missing up to three pills a month is common, and in this age group the numbers tend to be higher. Getting started after weeks without a pill, having to hide pills, drug interactions and the difficulty of getting a recipe can lead to a method failure.
In the United States, according to the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, sexually active teens who want to avoid pregnancy are less likely than older women to use contraception (18% of children 15-19 years of age do not use contraception, compared with 10, 7% for women aged 15-44). More than 80% of teenage pregnancies are unintentional. More than half of unwanted pregnancies are women who do not use contraception, mostly the rest because of inconsistent or wrong use. 23% of sexually active young women in the 1996 Seventeen magazine poll claimed to have unprotected sex with a partner who did not use a condom, while 70% of women in 1997 PARADE opinions claim that it is embarrassing to buy a contraceptive or ask for information from a doctor.
The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health surveyed 1,027 students in the United States in grades 7-12 in 1995 to compare contraceptive use between whites, blacks, and Hispanics. The result is that 36.2% of Hispanics say they never use contraception during intercourse which is a high rate compared to 23.3% of Black teens and 17.0% of white teenagers who also do not use contraception during intercourse.
In a 2012 study, more than 1,000 women were surveyed to determine the factors that contribute to not using contraception. Of those who succeeded, nearly half were involved in unprotected sex within the preceding three months. These women provide three main reasons for not using contraception: difficulty getting birth control (the most frequent reason), lack of intent to have sex, and the misconception that they "can not get pregnant."
In a study for The Guttmacher Institute, researchers found that from a comparative perspective, however, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is less nuanced than might initially be considered. "Because time and levels of sexual activity are very similar across [Sweden, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the USA], high levels of AS appear mainly due to less, and perhaps less effective, use of contraception by sexually active adolescents." Thus, the cause of the differences between rich countries can be traced largely to contraceptive-based problems.
Among adolescents in the UK looking for abortion, a study found that rates of contraceptive use were more or less the same for adolescents as for older women.
In other cases, contraception was used, but proved inadequate. Inexperienced teens may use condoms wrongly, forget to use oral contraceptives, or fail to use the contraceptives they have previously chosen. The rate of contraceptive failure is higher for teens, especially the poor, than for older users. Long-term contraceptives such as intrauterine contraceptives, subcutaneous contraceptive implants, and contraceptive injections (such as Depo-Provera and combined injectable contraceptives), which prevent pregnancy for months or years at a time, are more effective in women who have difficulty remembering take the pills or use the barrier method consistently.
According to The Encyclopedia of Women's Health, published in 2004, there has been an increasing effort to provide contraception to adolescents through family planning and school-based health services, such as HIV prevention education. Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment
Studies from South Africa found that 11-20% of teen pregnancies were a direct result of rape, while about 60% of adolescent mothers had unwanted sexual experiences before their pregnancy. Before the age of 15 years, the majority of first-relationship experience among women is reportedly not voluntary; The Guttmacher Institute found that 60% of girls who had sex before the age of 15 were forced by men who were on average six years older than they were. One in five teenage fathers claimed to force women to have sex with them.
Several studies have shown a strong link between childhood sexual abuse and subsequent teenage pregnancies in industrialized countries. Up to 70% of women who give birth in adolescence are abused as young girls; on the contrary, 25% of women who did not give birth as teenagers were harassed.
In some countries, sexual intercourse between minors and adults is not considered by law as a minor is believed to have no maturity and competence to make informed decisions to engage in full consensual sex with an adult. In those countries, sex with minors is considered a rape according to law. In most European countries, on the contrary, once a teen has reached the age of consent, he may legitimately engage in sexual intercourse with an adult because it is held that in general (although certain limits may still apply), reaching the age of consent allows a teen to agree sex couples who have also reached that age. Therefore, the definition of statutory rape is limited to sex with a person under the minimum age of consent. What constitutes rape by law is ultimately different from jurisdiction (see age of consent).
Dating Dating
Studies have shown that teenage girls are often in a rough relationship when they are pregnant. They also reported that knowledge of their pregnancies often intensified violent behavior and controlling on the part of their girlfriends. Girls under the age of 18 are twice as likely to be beaten by their child's father than women over the age of 18. A study in England found that 70% of women who gave birth in their teen years experienced domestic violence in adolescents. Similar results have been found in studies in the United States. A study in Washington State found that 70% of adolescent mothers have been beaten by their boyfriends, 51% have experienced birth control sabotage in the past year, and 21% have sabotaged school or work.
In a study of 379 pregnant or parent teenagers and 95 girls without children, 62% of girls aged 11-15 and 56% of girls aged 16-19 reported experiencing domestic violence in the hands of their partners. In addition, 51% of girls reported experiencing at least one instance where their girlfriend attempted to sabotage their attempts to use birth control.
Socioeconomic factors
Teenage pregnancies have been defined predominantly in the field of research and among social agencies as a social problem. Poverty is associated with an increase in teenage pregnancy rates. Economically poor countries like Niger and Bangladesh have mothers who are much more adolescent compared to economically rich countries like Switzerland and Japan.
In the UK, about half of all pregnancies under the age of 18 are concentrated among the most deficient 30% of the population, with only 14% occurring among the 30% least captured. For example, in Italy, the birth rate of teenagers in the rich central region is only 3.3 per 1,000, whereas in poorer Mezzogiorno it is 10.0 per 1,000. Similarly, in the United States, sociologist Mike A. Males notes that adolescent birth rates closely mapped the poverty level in California:
* per 1000 women ages 15-19
Teenage pregnancies cost the United States more than $ 9.1 billion in 2004, including $ 1.9 billion for health care, $ 2.3 billion for child welfare, $ 2.1 billion for containment, and $ 2.9 billion in lower tax revenues.
There is little evidence to support the general belief that teenage mothers become pregnant to benefit, prosperity, and board housing. Most know little about housing or financial assistance before they get pregnant and what they think they know often turns out to be wrong.
Childhood environment
Women exposed to abuse, domestic violence, and family disputes in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences. According to a 2004 study, one third of teenage pregnancies can be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family disputes. The investigators note that "family dysfunction has lasting and unfavorable health consequences for women during adolescence, fertile years, and so on." When a family environment does not include bad childhood experiences, being pregnant as a teen does not seem to increase the likelihood of long-term negative psychosocial consequences. The study also found that boys who grew up at home with battered mothers, or who experienced direct physical abuse, were significantly more likely to impregnate a girl.
Research also found that girls whose fathers left families early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy. The girls whose fathers left them at an older age had lower levels of early sexual activity, and the lowest rates were found in girls whose fathers were present in their childhood. Even when researchers take into account other factors that can contribute to sexual activity and early pregnancy, such as behavior problems and life difficulties, daddy girls are still about five times more likely in the United States and three times more likely in America Union. New Zealand became pregnant as a teenager rather than a daughter present in the present.
Low education expectations have been designated as risk factors. A girl is also more likely to be a teenage parent if her mother or sister gives birth in her teens. Most of the respondents in the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies survey in 1988 attributed teen pregnancy to a communication disorder between parents and children as well as inadequate parental control.
Foster careers tend to be more than their peers to conceive as teenagers. The National Casey Alumni Study, which examines grass roots from 23 communities across the United States, finds birth rates for girls in orphanages more than double the rate of their counterparts outside the fostering system. A University of Chicago study of children's transition from foster care in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin found that nearly half of females had become pregnant at age 19. The Utah Department of Human Services found that girls who had abandoned the care system between 1999 and 2004 had nearly 3-fold birth rates for girls in the general population.
Influence of media
A study conducted in 2006 found that teenagers who were more exposed to sexuality in the media were also more likely to engage in sexual activity itself.
According to Time , "adolescents exposed to the most sexual content on TV are twice as likely as teenagers who watch less of this material to get pregnant before they reach the age of 20".
Prevention
Comprehensive sex education and access to birth control seem to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancies. It is not clear which type of intervention is most effective.
In the United States free access to the long acting form of reversible birth control along with education decreases teenage pregnancy rates by about 80% and abortion rates by more than 75%. There are currently four federal programs aimed at preventing teenage pregnancies: Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy (TPP), Personal Responsibility Education Program (PREP), V Education, Sexual Avoidance Education and Sexual Avoidance Education.
Education
The Dutch approach to prevent teenage pregnancy is often seen as a model by other countries. The curriculum focuses on values, attitudes, communication and negotiation skills, as well as reproductive biological aspects. Media has encouraged open dialogue and the health care system ensures confidentiality and non-judgmental approaches.
Abstinence only education
Some schools provide sex education without abstinence. Evidence does not support the effectiveness of sex education without sex. It has been shown to be ineffective in reducing the risk of HIV in developed countries, and does not reduce unintended pregnancy rates when compared to comprehensive sex education. It does not decrease the level of student sexual activity, when compared to students who conduct a comprehensive class of sexual education.
Public policy
In the US, a policy initiative that has been used to increase the level of contraceptive use is Title X: Title X of the Health Service Act 1970 provides family planning services for those who are not eligible for Medicaid by distributing "funding to networks of public, private, and nonprofit [to provide] services on a shear scale based on income. "Studies show that, internationally, success in reducing teenage pregnancy rates is directly correlated with the type of access given Title X:" What seems important to success is that teenagers know to where they can go to get information and services, can get there easily and confidently receive confidential, non-judgmental treatment and that this service and free contraceptive supplies or fees are very small. "In addressing the high rates of unplanned teenage pregnancies, experts agree that masala h must be faced from a biological and cultural context.
On September 30, 2010, the US Department of Health and Human Services approved $ 155 million in new funding for a comprehensive sex education program designed to prevent teenage pregnancies. The money goes to state, nonprofit organizations, school districts, universities and others. This grant will support the proven replication of adolescent prevention teenage programs through careful research and new testing, innovative approaches to combat teenage pregnancies. "Out of a total of $ 150 million, $ 55 million is funded by the Affordable Care Act through the Personal Responsibility Education Program, which requires countries to receive funds to combine lessons on abstinence and contraception.
In developing countries, reproductive health programs targeted at adolescents are often small and uncoordinated centrally, although some countries such as Sri Lanka have a systematic policy framework for teaching about sex in schools. Non-governmental organizations such as the International Family Planning Federation and Marie Stopes International provide contraceptive advice to young women around the world. The law against child marriage has reduced but not eliminated the practice. Increased female literacy and educational prospects have led to an increase in age at first births in areas such as Iran, Indonesia, and India's Kerala state.
More
A team of researchers and educators in California has published a list of "best practices" in teenage pregnancy prevention, which includes, in addition to the previously mentioned concept, works to "instill confidence in a successful future", men's involvement in the prevention process, and designing culturally relevant interventions.
Prevalence
Worldwide
In reporting teenage pregnancy rates, the number of pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 years when pregnancy ends is commonly used.
Worldwide, teenage pregnancy rates range from 143 per 1,000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1,000 in South Korea. In the United States, 82% of pregnancies between the ages of 15 and 19 are not planned. Among the advanced OECD countries, the United States, Britain and New Zealand have the highest teenage pregnancy rates, while Japan and South Korea had the lowest in 2001. According to UNFPA, "In every region of the world - including high-income countries - poor, low-educated or rural girls have a greater risk of becoming pregnant than those who are richer, better educated or urban.It also applies at a global level: 95 percent of the world's births for teenagers (ages 15-19) occurs in developing countries, each year, about 3 million girls in this age group have unsafe abortions, risking their lives and health. "
According to a 2001 UNICEF survey, in 10 of 12 developed countries with available data, more than two thirds of young people had intercourse as a teenager. In Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the proportion is over 80%. In Australia, Britain and the United States, about 25% of children aged 15 years and 50% of children aged 17 years have had sex. According to The Encyclopedia of Women's Health , published in 2004, some 15 million girls under the age of 20 in the world have children every year. It is estimated that 20-60% of these pregnancies in developing countries are wrong or undesirable.
Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women under 20 worldwide, more than 90% in developing countries. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women ages 15-19 in these areas.
Sub-Saharan Africa
The highest teenage pregnancy rate in the world is in sub-Saharan Africa, where women tend to get married at an early age. In Niger, for example, 87% of women surveyed were married and 53% had given birth before 18 years of age.
India
In the Indian subcontinent, early marriage sometimes results in teenage pregnancies, especially in rural areas where this figure is much higher than in urban areas. Recent data indicate that teenage pregnancy in India is high with 62 pregnant teens from every 1,000 women. India is rapidly approaching becoming the most populous country in the world, and increasing teenage pregnancy, an important factor for population growth, is likely to exacerbate the problem.
Asia
Rates of early marriage and pregnancy in some Asian countries are high. In recent years, prices have fallen sharply in Indonesia and Malaysia, although still relatively high in the first. However, in Asian industrialized countries such as South Korea and Singapore, adolescent birth rates are among the lowest in the world.
Australia
By 2015, the birth rate among adolescent women in Australia is 11.9 births per 1,000 women. This number fell from 55.5 births per 1,000 women in 1971, possibly because of the ease of access to effective birth control, rather than decreased sexual activity.
Europe
The overall trend in Europe since 1970 has been a decline in total fertility rates, an increase in the age at which women experience their first birth, and a decrease in the number of births among teenagers. Most continental Western European countries have very low adolescent birth rates. This varies in relation to good sex education and high rates of use of contraceptives (in Dutch and Scandinavian cases), traditional values ​​and social stigmatization (in the case of Spain and Italy) or both (in the case of Switzerland).
On the other hand, the teenage birth rate is very high in Bulgaria and Romania. By 2015, Bulgaria has a birth rate of 37/1,000 women aged 15-19 years, and Romania 34. The birth rates of these two countries are even higher than underdeveloped countries such as Burundi and Rwanda. Many adolescent births occur in the population of Rome, which has a teen pregnancy event well above the local average.
United Kingdom
The teenage pregnancy rate in England and Wales is 23.3 per 1,000 women aged 15 to 17. There are 5,740 pregnancies in girls under 18 years old in the three months to June 2014, data from the Office for National Statistics show. This compares to 6,279 in the same period of 2013 and 7,083 for the June quarter of the previous year. Historically, Britain has one of the highest adolescent pregnancies and abortion rates in Western Europe.
There are no comparable figures for conception across Europe, but birth rates below 18 indicate the UK is closing the gap. The birth rate below 18 years in 2012 in England and Wales is 9.2, compared with the EU average of 6.9. However, the UK birth rate has fallen by almost a third (32.3%) since 2004 compared with a 15.6% decline in the EU. In 2004, the UK rate was 13.6 births per 1,000 women aged 15-17 years compared with the EU average rate of 7.7.
A spokeswoman for the British Pregnancy Advisory Service said: "Contrary to popular perception, this data suggests that teenage pregnancy rates dropped dramatically in England and Wales.While Britain has historically had high adolescent conception rates, it is now at record lows and not significantly out of step with other European countries.
"We have seen a large decline in the number of babies born to teenage mothers over the last decade, in part because of the improvements we have seen in contraceptive advice and contraception for younger women, with direct access to abortion services when their chosen method disappoints them. But it also reflects a wider society shift, with younger women rightly expecting and able to pursue educational and professional ambitions. "
United States
In 2001, adolescent birth rates in the United States were the highest in developed countries, and rates of adolescent abortion were also high. In 2005 in the US, the majority (57%) of teenage pregnancies resulted in live births, 27% ended in induced abortions, and 16% in missing fetuses. The rate of teenage pregnancy in the US was high in the 1950s and has declined since then, despite an increase in illegitimate births. The teenage pregnancy rate declined significantly in the 1990s; this decline occurs in all racial groups, although African-American and Hispanic adolescents maintain a higher rate, compared with Americans-Europeans and Asians. The Guttmacher Institute links about 25% decrease in abstinence and 75% effective use of contraception. While in 2006 the US adolescent birth rate rose for the first time in fourteen years, reaching its lowest in 2010: 34.3 births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years.
The Latina teen pregnancy rate is 75% higher than the national average.
Recent data from the United States show that the states with the highest adolescent birth rates are Mississippi, New Mexico and Arkansas while the states with the lowest adolescent birth rates are New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Vermont.
Canada
The birth of Canadian adolescents tends toward a steady decline for younger adolescents (15-17) and older (18-19) in the period between 1992 and 2002; However, teenage pregnancy has increased since 2013.
![Latin America [and Caribbean] teen pregnancy rate 'unacceptably ...](http://i0.wp.com/imgstorage.ga/wp-contents/uploads/2018/07/3uPtky.jpg "Latin America [and Caribbean] teen pregnancy rate 'unacceptably ...")
Daddy
In some cases, the father of the child is the husband of a teenage girl. Conception can occur in marriage, or the pregnancy itself can trigger a marriage (called marriage rifle). In countries like India, the majority of teenage births occur in marriage.
In other countries, like the US and Ireland, the majority of teenage mothers do not marry the fathers of their children. In the UK, half of all teenagers with children are single parents, 40% live together as a couple and 10% are married. Teen parents are often in a romantic relationship at birth, but many teenage fathers do not live with mothers and this often interferes with their relationship with children. US surveys tend to be less likely to report the prevalence of adolescent fathers. In many cases, "teenage fathers" may be mistaken. Studies by the Population Reference Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics found that about two-thirds of births for female adolescents in the United States were the father of adult men aged over 20. The Guttmacher Institute reported that more than 40% of mothers aged 15 to 17 had sexual partners three to five years older and almost one in five have couples six or more years older. A 1990 study of births in California teenagers reported that the younger the mother, the greater the age difference with her male partner. In the UK, 72% of births are registered jointly for women under 20, fathers over the age of 20, with almost 1 in 4 being over 25.
History
Some politicians condemn pregnancy in unmarried adolescents as a dumping channel on taxpayers, if mothers and children receive welfare payments from the government.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Teen Pregnancy in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Teen Pregnancy Prevention at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Teenage pregnancy and obstetrics
- Teen Pregnancy, special edition of the Journal of Applied Research on Children (2011)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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