Federalism in the United States is a constitutional relationship between the governments of the US state and the federal government of the United States. Since the founding of the state, and especially with the end of the American Civil War, power has shifted away from the states and toward national government. The development of federalism includes double federalism, state-centered, and new.
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Federalisme di Republik awal
Federalism is a political solution to problems with the Confederate Budget which gives little practical authority to the federal government. For example, the articles allow the Continental Congress to have the power to sign treaties and declare war, but can not raise taxes to pay troops and all major decisions require unanimity.
This movement was strongly reinforced by a reaction to Shays' Rebellion of 1786-1787, which was an armed rebellion of yeoman farmers in western Massachusetts. The uprising was driven by a poor economy created, in part, by the inability of the federal government to deal effectively with debts from the American Revolutionary War. Moreover, the federal government has proved unable to raise troops to quell the insurgency, so Massachusetts is forced to raise its own power.
In 1787, fifty-five delegates met at the Constitution convention in Philadelphia and produced bicameral legislative ideas (the United States Congress), a balanced representation of the Great Compromise, and checks and balances. James Madison stated in the old pre-convention memorandum to delegate that because "people can hardly expect the state legislature to take an enlightening view of national affairs", a stronger central government is needed. This Convention immediately imposed its original mandate instead of regulating the establishment of the new United States Constitution. Once the convention is over and issuing the Constitution to public consumption, the Federalist movement becomes the focus of obtaining a ratified Constitution.
The most powerful defense of the new Constitution is The Federalist Papers , a compilation of 85 anonymous essays published in New York City to convince the people of the country to vote for ratification. These articles, written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, with some contributions by John Jay, examined the benefits of the proposed new Constitution, and analyzed the political theories and functions behind the articles of the Constitution. The Federalist Papers remains one of the most important sets of documents in American history and political science.
Those who oppose the new Constitution are known as Anti-Federalists. They are generally local rather than cosmopolitan in perspective, plantation-oriented and agricultural rather than trade or finance, and want a strong state government and a weak national government. Anti-Federalist criticism immediately focuses on the absence of a bill of rights, which the Federalists promised to give.
Because George Washington lends prestige to the Constitution and because of the ingenuity and organizational skills of its supporters, the Constitution is ratified by all states. The Congress which will take place from the Confederation schedules the election for a new government, and sets the date of March 4, 1789 as the date on which the new government will take power. In 1789, Congress sent twelve articles of amendment to the state. Ten of these articles, written by the congressional committee, reached a section on December 15, 1791 and became the Bill of Rights of the United States. The Tenth Amendment sets the guidelines for federalism in the United States.
Federalist Party
As soon as the first Federalist movement was lost, the second appeared to replace him. This one is based on the policies of Alexander Hamilton and his allies for a stronger national government, loose constitutional construction, and trade economy (not agriculture). Over time, the factions who embraced these policies organized themselves into the country's first political party, the Federalist Party, and the focus of movement and wealth began to track them from the resurrected party.
While the Federalist movement of the 1780s and the Federalist Party are different entities, they are related more than just a common name. The Democratic-Republican Party, the opposition to the Federalist Party, emphasized the fear that a strong national government is a threat to the freedom of the people. They emphasize that the national debt created by the new government will make the country bankrupt, and that federal bondholders are paid from taxes paid by honest peasants and workers. These themes resonated with the Anti-Federalists, the opposition to the Federalist movement of the 1780s. As Norman Risjord has been documented for Virginia, Constitutional supporters in 1788, 69% joined the Federalist party, while almost all (94%) of the opponents joined the Republican Party. 71% of Thomas Jefferson's supporters in Virginia are former anti-federalists who continue to fear centralized governments, while only 29% support the Constitution several years earlier. In short, almost all opponents of the Federalist movement became opponents of the Federalist Party.
The movement reached its peak with the election of John Adams, an open President of the Federalist. However, with Adams's defeat in the 1800 election and Hamilton's death, the Federalist Party started a long decline from which it never recovered. What was finally finished from the Federalist Party was the Hartford Convention of 1814, in which five New England states gathered to discuss some of the constitutional amendments necessary to protect New England interests in connection with their port blockade by the British during the War of 1812. The threat of secession was also proposed during the meeting this secret. Three delegates were sent to Washington, DC to negotiate New England provisions only to find the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war with Britain. The Federalists were then seen by many as traitors of the trade unions.
Maps Federalism in the United States
Federalism under Marshall Court
The United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall played an important role in defining federal and state government powers during the early nineteenth century. Because the US Constitution does not specifically define many dividing lines between layers of government, the Supreme Court solves problems in New York. The question was answered especially in cases, McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden , extensively expanding the power of national governments.
Dual Federalism
Despite Marshall Justice's strong encouragement to the federal government, his successor's trial, Roger B. Taney (1835-1864), ruled the favored cases of the same powerful national and state governments. The basic philosophy so far is that the US Government should be limited to the mentioned forces and that all others belong to the state. The sixteenth and seventeenth amendments strengthen the power of national government, and divide state and federal power.
Between Dual Federalism and New Deal
Following the Taney trial and the rise of dual Federalism, the division of labor between the federal, state and local governments has remained relatively unchanged for over a century. The political scientist Theodore J. Lowi summarized the system that prevailed during those years in the End of the Republic Era
However, modern federal apparatus owes its origins to changes that occurred during the period between 1861 and 1933. While the bank has long been included and governed by the states, the National Bank Acts 1863 and 1864 saw Congress form a national bank network having reserve requirements set by officials in Washington. During World War I, a federal bank system devoted to helping farmers was established, and a federal bank network designed to promote home ownership emerged in the last years of the reign of Herbert Hoover. Congress uses its authority over inter-state trading to regulate inter-state railways (and ultimately intrastate) and even regulate stock issues and their working relationships, will have so far set a law that regulates pay rates for railway workers at night World War I During the 1920's, the Congress enacted a law granting collective bargaining rights to inter-state railway workers and some observers dare to predict that ultimately will give collective bargaining rights to people working at all industry. Congress also uses trade power to enforce moral laws, such as the Act of Mann in 1907 that prohibits cross-country transfers of women for immoral purposes, even when trade power remains confined to interstate transport - does not extend to what is seen as intrastate activity such as manufacturing and mining.
In early 1913, there was talk of stock exchange arrangements, and the Capital Issues Committee established to control access to credit during World War I recommended federal regulations of all stock issues and exchange shortly before ceasing operations in 1921. With the Morrill Land- Grant Acts Congress used the land sales revenue to provide grants to states for higher education during the Civil War on the theory that land sales revenue could be devoted to subjects outside those listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. On several occasions during the 1880s, one house of Congress or the other passed bills that gave land sales revenues to states for the purpose of assisting primary school. During the first years of the twentieth century, the efforts funded with federal grants doubled, and Congress began to use general revenue to fund it - thereby exploiting the widespread spending power of the welfare of the general public, although it has been discredited for almost a century (Hamilton's view ) that expansive spending power can be derived from clauses that have been abandoned by 1840).
During the reign of Herbert Hoover, grants were granted to the state for the purpose of funding poor aid. The Supreme Court began applying the Bill of Rights to the states during the 1920s although the Fourteenth Amendment had not been represented as subjecting the states to its provisions during the debate that preceded ratification. The 1920s also saw Washington expand its role in domestic law enforcement. Disaster relief for areas affected by floods or crop failures dated 1874, and this allocation began to multiply during the administration of Woodrow Wilson (1913-21). In 1933, the precedent required for the federal government to exercise widespread regulatory power over all economic activity and spend it for whatever purpose it deems to be suitable is almost entirely in place. Almost all that remains is the will to be deployed in Congress and for the Supreme Court to approve.
Co-operative Coalition
Although Federalism Cooperatives is rooted in civil war, the Great Depression marks the end of Dual Federalism and a dramatic shift to a strong national government. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Testament Policy President Franklin D. Roosevelt reaches the lives of US citizens as no other federal action. Since the Supreme Court has rejected almost all of Roosevelt's economic proposals, the president proposed a 1937 Judicial Procedural Reform Bill to add more members. The extension of the Tribunal together with the Congress controlled by the Democratic Party will incline the Court's decision in favor of Roosevelt's policy. Lowi noted three cases of the Supreme Court validating a power shift:
- National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & amp; Laughlin Steel Corporation ,
- Helvering v. Davis , and
- Machine Company Bake v. Davis .
National governments are forced to cooperate with all levels of government to implement New Deal policies; the local government gained the same position as other layers, as the federal government relied on political machinery at the city level to cut the state legislature. The previously divided division of responsibilities between state and national governments has been described as a "layer cake," but, with blurred task lines, cooperative federalism is likened to "marble pie" or "wooden fence." In cooperative federalism, federal funds are distributed through grants in the form of grants or categorical grants that give the federal government more control over the use of the money.
New Federalism
Another movement that calls itself "New Federalism" emerged in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. New Federalism, characterized by a gradual return of power to the states, was initiated by President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) with his "devolutionary revolution" in the early 1980s and lasted until 2001. Previously, the federal government had given money to states categorically, limiting states to use this funding for certain programs. The Reagan administration, however, introduced the practice of providing block grants, freeing state governments to spend money on their own wisdom.
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