The viability of the fetus or fetal viability is the ability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus.
Video Fetal viability
Definition
Feasibility , as the word has been used in US constitutional law since Roe v. Wade , is the potential for the fetus to survive outside the womb after birth, natural or induced, when supported by recent drugs. Fetal viability is highly dependent on fetal organ maturation, and environmental conditions. Another definition for viability , as used in medical sentence the limit of viability , is the hope that the fetus has the same chance to survive and not survive outside of the mother's womb.
According to the Webster Encyclopedic Unabridged dictionary of the English language, fetal survival means it has reached such a stage of development to be alive, under normal circumstances, outside the womb. Viability exists as a function of biomedical and technological capacity, different in different parts of the world. As a result, at the present time, there is no uniform gestational age worldwide that defines viability.
Maps Fetal viability
Life eligibility
There are no clear developmental limits, gestational age, or weight in which the human fetus automatically becomes eligible. According to studies between 2003 and 2005, 20 to 35 percent of babies born at 23 weeks gestation survive, while 50 to 70 percent of babies are born at 24 to 25 weeks, and more than 90 percent are born at 26 to 27 weeks of survival. Very rare infants weighing less than 500 g (17.6 ounces) to survive. The likelihood of a baby to survive increases by 3-4% per day between 23 and 24 weeks of gestation and about 2-3% per day between 24 and 26 weeks of pregnancy. After 26 weeks, survival rates increased at a much slower rate because survival was already high.
Legal definition
Sometimes including weight and age of pregnancy.
United States Supreme Court
United States Supreme Court stated in Roe v. Wade (1973) that survival (ie, "the interim point in which the fetus becomes... is potentially capable of living outside the womb of the mother, although with artificial help") "is usually placed in about seven months (28 weeks) but may occur earlier, even at 24 weeks. "The 28-week definition becomes part of the" trimester framework "that marks the point where" interesting state interests "(under strict supervision doctrine) in keeping the potential of life possible control, allowing the state to freely organize and even prohibit abortion after the 28th week. Next Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) modifies the "trimester framework," which allows states to regulate abortion in a way that does not cause "undue burden" to the right of the mother to have an abortion at any point prior to survival; because of technological developments between 1973 and 1992, sustainability itself is legally separated from the 28-week hardline, leaving the point where "undue burden" is an allowable variable depending on time technology and state legislative judgment.
The Born-Life Protection Act 2002
In 2002, the US Government enacted the Born-Life Protection Act. While the fetus may be worthy or not worthy in the womb, this law provides a legal definition for the personal life of a human being when it is not in the womb. It defines "live birth" as "complete expulsion or extraction from his mother or member, at any stage of development, which after the expulsion or extraction breathes or has a heart rate, cord pulsation, or a definite motion, voluntary muscles" and determines that all this is the action of a living human being. While the implications of this law to define survival in medicine may not be fully explored, in practice doctors and nurses are advised not to awaken those people with gestational age 22 weeks or less, under 400 g of weight, with anencephaly, or with confirmation of a diagnosis of trisomy 13 or 18.
AS. State Law
Forty-three countries have laws that limit post-viability abortion. Some allow doctors to decide for themselves whether the fetus is feasible. Some require doctors to perform tests to prove the fetus is feasible and require many doctors to confirm the findings. Dilatation and intact extraction procedures (IDX) became the focal point in the abortion debate, based on the belief that it was used primarily post-viability. IDX was illegal in most circumstances by the Anti-Partial Law-Born Ban Abortion in 2003, which the US Supreme Court upheld in the case of Gonzales v. Carhart .
The limit of viability
The limit of viability is the gestational age in which the premature fetus/baby has a 50% chance of long-term survival outside his mother's womb. With the support of the neonatal intensive care unit, the viability limit in developed countries has declined since 50 years ago, but has remained unchanged since the late '90s.
Currently, the viability limit is considered to be around 24 weeks, although the incidence of major disability remains high at this point. Neo-natologists generally will not provide intensive care at 23 weeks, but will be from 26 weeks.
In 2006, two of the youngest surviving children of preterm birth were James Elgin Gill (born May 20, 1987 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, at 21 weeks and 5 days), and Amillia Taylor (IVF pregnancy, born October 24, 2006) in Miami, Florida, at 21 weeks and 6 days of gestation). Both children were born just under 20 weeks of conception (or 22 weeks' gestation). At birth, Taylor is 9 inches (22.86 cm) long and weighs 10 ounces (283 grams). He suffers from digestive and respiratory problems, along with cerebral hemorrhage. He left the Children's Hospital of Baptists on February 20, 2007. In 2013, Taylor is in kindergarten and at the small end of the normal growth curve with some developmental delay.
Premature birth, also known as preterm birth, is defined as a live-born baby before 37 weeks of pregnancy is completed. There are three types of preterm delivery: very premature (less than 28 weeks), very premature (28 to 32 weeks) and moderate to moderate (32 to 37 weeks).
Factors that affect the chances of survival
There are several factors that influence the baby's survival opportunities. Two important factors are age and weight. The infant's age of pregnancy (complete number of weeks of pregnancy) at birth and infant weight (as well as growth measure) affects whether the baby will survive. Other major factors include race and gender. For certain weights, black babies have a slightly better chance of survival than White, while most other races have a level in between. Male infants are slightly less mature and have a slightly higher risk of death than female infants.
Some types of health problems also affect the viability of the fetus. For example, respiratory problems, congenital abnormalities or malformations, and the presence of other severe illnesses, especially infections, threaten the survival of the neonate.
Other factors can affect survival by altering the maturity of the organs or by changing the supply of oxygen to the developing fetus.
Maternal health plays an important role in child survival. Diabetes in the mother, if not well controlled, slows the maturation of organs; babies of such mothers have higher mortality rates. Severe high blood pressure before 8 months of pregnancy can cause changes in the placenta, reducing the delivery of nutrients and/or oxygen to the developing fetus and causing problems before and after childbirth.
Rupture of the fetal membranes before 24 weeks' gestation with loss of amniotic fluid significantly reduces the likelihood of a baby surviving, even if the baby is born much later.
Quality of facilities - does the hospital offer neonatal critical care services, whether it is a Level I trauma care facility, the availability of corticosteroids and other drugs at the facility, the experience and the number of doctors and nurses in neonatology and midwifery and from the provider has a limited but still significant impact to the viability of the fetus. Facilities that have obstetric and emergency services and operating facilities, although smaller, may be used in areas where higher services are not available to stabilize the mother and fetus or neonate until they can be transferred to appropriate facilities.
See also
- The beginning of the human personality
- Medical treatment is useless
- Office for Human Research Protection # Additional protection for pregnant women, human fetuses, and neonates
References
- United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical Research and Behavior (2006-05-23). FETAL VIABILITY AND DEATH. [ONLINE] Available at: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/583/OS76-127_VII.pdf?sequence=1. [Last Accessed 17 November 2012].
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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