Miscarriage , also known as spontaneous abortion and miscarriage , is a natural death of the embryo or fetus before it can survive independently. Some use a 20-week cutoff of pregnancy, after the death of the fetus known as stillbirth. The most common symptom of a miscarriage is vaginal bleeding with or without pain. Sadness, anxiety, and guilt often occur afterwards. Materials such as tissues and clots can leave the uterus and pass through and out of the vagina. When a woman continues to miscarry, infertility is present.
The risk factors for miscarriage include older parents, previous miscarriages, exposure to tobacco smoke, obesity, diabetes, thyroid problems, and drug or alcohol use. About 80% of miscarriages occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy (first trimester). The underlying cause in about half of cases involves chromosomal abnormalities. The diagnosis of a miscarriage may involve examination to see if the cervix is ​​open or closed, testing human blood chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and ultrasound levels. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include ectopic pregnancy and implanted bleeding.
Prevention is sometimes possible with good prenatal care. Avoiding drugs, alcohol, infectious diseases, and radiation can reduce the risk of miscarriage. No special treatment is usually required during the first 7 to 14 days. Most miscarriages will be completed without additional intervention. Occasional misoprostol medications or procedures such as vacuum aspiration are used to lift the rest of the tissue. Women who have rhesus negative (Rh negative) blood groups may require Rho (D) immune globulin. Pain medications may be helpful. Emotional support can help with negative emotions.
Miscarriage is the most common complication of early pregnancy. Among women who know they are pregnant, the rate of miscarriage is about 10% to 20%, while the rate among all fertilization is about 30% to 50%. In those under the age of 35, the risk is about 10% while it is about 45% in those over the age of 40 years. The risk starts to increase around the age of 30 years. About 5% of women have two consecutive miscarriages. Some recommend not to use the term "abortion" in discussions with those who have miscarried in an effort to reduce the difficulty.
Video Miscarriage
Signs and symptoms
Signs of miscarriage include vaginal spots, abdominal pain or cramps, and fluid or tissue passing from the vagina. Bleeding can be a symptom of miscarriage, but many women also experience bleeding early in pregnancy and not miscarriage. Bleeding during pregnancy can be referred to as a threatened miscarriage. Of those looking for clinical treatment for bleeding during pregnancy, about half will miscarry. Miscarriage can be detected during an ultrasound examination, or through a human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) serial test.
Maps Miscarriage
Risk factors
Miscarriages can occur for various reasons, not all of them can be identified. Risk factors are things that increase the likelihood of having a miscarriage but not always cause a miscarriage. Up to 70 conditions, infections, medical procedures, lifestyle factors, occupational exposure, chemical exposure, and shift work are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. Some of these risks include endocrine, genetic, uterine, or hormonal disorders, reproductive tract infections, and tissue rejection caused by autoimmune disorders.
First trimester
Most of the clinically apparent miscarriages (two thirds to three quarters in various studies) occur during the first trimester. About 30% to 40% of all fertilized eggs have miscarriages, often before pregnancy is known. Embryos usually die before pregnancy is excluded; bleeding into the basal decidua and tissue necrosis causes uterine contractions to dissipate pregnancy. Early miscarriage may be caused by abnormal development of the placenta or other embryonic tissues. In some cases embryos are not formed but other networks do. This has been called "egg blighted".
The successful implantation of the zygote into the uterus is most likely 8 to 10 days after conception. If the zygote is not implanted on day 10, implantation becomes less likely in the following days.
Chemical pregnancy is a pregnancy that is detected by the test but ends with a miscarriage before or around the time of the next expected period.
Chromosomal abnormalities are found in more than half of embryos who have miscarried in the first 13 weeks. Half of the embryo miscarriages (25% of all miscarriages) have aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes). Common chromosome abnormalities found in miscarriage include autosomal trisomy (22-32%), monosomy X (5-20%), triploidi (6-8%), tetraploidy (2-4%), or other structural chromosomal abnormalities (2%). Genetic problems are more likely to occur in older parents; this may explain the higher levels observed in older women.
There is no evidence that progesterone given in the first trimester reduces the risk of miscarriage, and luteal phase progesterone deficiency may or may not be a contributing factor to miscarriage.
Second and third trimesters
Secondary trimester losses may be due to maternal factors such as uterine malformation, growth in the uterus (fibroids), or cervical problems. This condition can also contribute to premature birth. Unlike first-trimester miscarriage, miscarriage in the second trimester is less likely to be caused by a genetic disorder; chromosomal aberrations are found in one-third of cases. Infection during the third trimester can cause a miscarriage. These include older parents, previous miscarriages, cigarette smoke exposure, obesity, diabetes, and drug or alcohol use, among others.
Double pregnancy and age
The age of pregnant women is a significant risk factor. The rate of miscarriage increases steadily with age, with a greater increase after age 35. In those under the age of 35, the risk is about 10% while it is about 45% in those over the age of 40 years. Risk begins to rise around age 30. Fathers' age is associated with an increased risk.
Obesity, eating disorders and caffeine
Not only is obesity associated with miscarriage, it can lead to sub-fertility and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recurrent miscarriage is also associated with obesity. Women with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa may have a greater risk of miscarriage. Lack of nutrients has not been found to affect the rate of miscarriage but hyperemesis gravidarum sometimes precedes a miscarriage.
Consumption of caffeine has also been correlated with the rate of miscarriage, at least at a higher intake level. However, these higher levels have been found to be only statistically significant in certain circumstances.
Vitamin supplements are generally not proven effective in preventing miscarriage. Traditional Chinese medicine has not been found to prevent miscarriage.
Endocrine disorders
Thyroid disorders can affect pregnancy outcomes. Associated with this, iodine deficiency is strongly associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. The risk of miscarriage is increased in those with uncontrolled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A well-controlled diabetes can lower this risk.
Food poisoning
Swallowing food that has been contaminated with listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, and salmonella is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.
Amniocentesis and sampling of villus chorionic
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are the procedures performed to assess the fetus. The amniotic fluid sample is obtained by inserting the needle through the abdomen and into the uterus. Chorionic villus sampling is a procedure similar to tissue samples taken instead of fluids. This procedure is not associated with a miscarriage during the second trimester but they are associated with miscarriage and birth defects in the first trimester. Miscarriage caused by invasive prenatal diagnosis (CVS) and amniocentesis) is rare (about 1%).
Surgery
The effects of surgery on pregnancy are not well known including the effects of bariatric surgery. Surgery of the abdomen and pelvis is not a risk factor for miscarriage. Tumors and ovarian cysts removed have not been found to increase the risk of miscarriage. The exception to this is the removal of the corpus luteum from the ovaries. This can cause hormonal fluctuations that are necessary to maintain a pregnancy.
Drugs
Immunization has not been found to cause miscarriage. There was no significant relationship between exposure to antidepressant drugs and spontaneous abortion. The risk of miscarriage is unlikely to decrease by stopping the SSRI before pregnancy. Some available data suggest that there is a slightly increased risk of miscarriage for women taking antidepressants, although these risks become less statistically significant when excluding poor quality studies.
Drugs that increase the risk of miscarriage include:
- retinoid
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen
- misoprostolÃ,
- methotrexate
Chemotherapy and radiation treatment for cancer
The level of ionizing radiation given to a woman during cancer treatment causes a miscarriage. Exposure can also have an impact on fertility. The use of chemotherapy drugs used to treat childhood cancer increases the risk of miscarriage.
Recurrence disease
Some infectious diseases in pregnancy potentially increase the risk of miscarriage, including diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, certain infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. PCOS can increase the risk of miscarriage. Two studies suggest treatment with metformin drugs significantly decreases the rate of miscarriage in women with PCOS, but the quality of this study has been questioned. Metformin treatment in pregnancy has not been proven safe. In 2007, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also recommended not to use this drug to prevent miscarriage. Thrombophilias or defects in coagulation and bleeding were once considered the risk of miscarriage but were subsequently questioned. Severe cases of hypothyroidism increase the risk of miscarriage. The effect of milder cases of hypothyroidism on the rate of miscarriage has not been established. A condition called luteal phase defect (LPD) is the failure of the uterine lining to be fully prepared for pregnancy. This can make the fertilized eggs can not be planted or cause a miscarriage.
Mycoplasma genitalium infection is associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery and miscarriage.
Infection may increase the risk of miscarriage: rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus, bacterial vaginosis, HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and malaria.
Immune status
Autoimmunity is a possible cause of recurrent or late miscarriage. In the case of an autoimmune abortion induced by a woman's body attacks a growing fetus or prevents the development of a normal pregnancy. Autoimmune diseases can cause genetic abnormalities in the embryo which in turn can lead to miscarriage. For example, Celiac disease increases the risk of miscarriage with an odds ratio of about 1.4. Impaired normal immune function may lead to the formation of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. This will affect the ability to continue the pregnancy and if a woman has a recurrent miscarriage, she can be tested for it. About 15% of recurrent miscarriages are related to immunological factors. The presence of anti-thyroid autoantibodies was associated with an increased risk with an odds ratio of 3.73 and a 95% confidence interval from 1.8 to 7.6. Having Lupus also increases the risk of miscarriage.
Anatomical defects and trauma
Fifteen percent of women who have experienced three or more recurrent miscarriages have multiple anatomical defects that prevent pregnancy from being performed for the entire term. The uterine structure has an effect on the ability to bring the child into the run. Anatomical differences are common and can be congenital.
In some women, cervical incompetence or cervical insufficiency occurs with the inability of the cervix to remain closed during the entire pregnancy. It does not cause a miscarriage in the first trimester. In the second trimester this is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. It is identified after preterm birth has occurred about 16-18 weeks into pregnancy. During the second trimester, major trauma can cause a miscarriage.
Smoking
Tobacco smokers (cigarettes) have an increased risk of miscarriage. There is an increased risk regardless of parents who smoke, although the risk is higher when pregnancy mothers smoke.
Morning sickness
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP, or morning sickness) is associated with reduced risk. Some of the causes may have been suggested for morning sickness but there is still no agreement. NVP is generally interpreted as a defense mechanism that inhibits the consumption of fetal foods harmful to the fetus; according to this model, the lower frequency of miscarriage will be the expected consequence of different food choices made by women with NVP.
Chemicals and occupational exposure
Chemical and occupational exposure may have some effects on pregnancy outcomes. The cause and effect relationship can hardly be determined. Chemicals involved in an increased risk of miscarriage are DDT, lead, formaldehyde, arsenic, benzene, and ethylene oxide. The video display terminal and ultrasound have not been found to have any effect on the miscarriage rate. In dentist offices where nitrous oxide is used without anesthetic gassing equipment, the risk of miscarriage is greater. For women who work with antineoplastic cytotoxic chemotherapy agents there is a slight increase in the risk of miscarriage. No increased risk for cosmetologists has been found.
More
Alcohol increases the risk of miscarriage. Progesterone has not been proven effective in preventing miscarriage. Cocaine use increases the rate of miscarriage. Some infections are associated with miscarriage. These include Ureaplasma urealyticum , Mycoplasma hominis , group B streptococcus, HIV-1, and syphilis. Infections of Chamydia trachomatis, Camphylobacter fetus , and Toxoplasma gondii are not known to be associated with miscarriage.
Diagnosis
In cases of blood loss, pain, or both, a transvaginal ultrasound is performed. If a viable intrauterine pregnancy is not found with ultrasound, a blood test (serial HCG test) can be performed to rule out ectopic pregnancy, which is a life-threatening situation.
If hypotension, tachycardia, and anemia are found, the exclusion of ectopic pregnancy is important.
Miscarriage can be confirmed with obstetric ultrasound and with continued tissue examination. When looking for microscopic pathological symptoms, a person searches for a product of conception. Microscopically, these include villi, trophoblast, fetal portion, and gestational changes of the background in the endometrium. When chromosomal abnormalities are found in more than one miscarriage, genetic testing of both parents can be performed.
Ultrasound Criteria
A review article in The New England Journal of Medicine based on a consensus meeting of the Society of Radiologists at USG in America (SRU) states that a miscarriage should be diagnosed only if one of the following criteria is met in ultrasound visualization:
Classification
Miscarriage is threatened to describe any bleeding during pregnancy, before survival, which has not been assessed. On investigation, it can be found that the fetus remains alive and pregnancy continues without further problems.
Anembrionic pregnancy (also referred to as "empty sac" or "uterine blight") is a condition in which the gestational sac develops normally, while the embryonic part of pregnancy does not exist or stops growing very early. It accounts for about half of miscarriages. All miscarriages are classified as miscarriage of the embryo, which means there is an embryo in the sac of pregnancy. Half of miscarriage embryos have aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes).
Inevitable miscarriage occurs when the cervix has widened, but the fetus has not been removed. This will usually develop into a complete miscarriage. The fetus may or may not have cardiac activity.
Total miscarriage is when all products of conception have been excluded; These include trophoblasts, chorionic villi, gestational sac, yolk sac, and embryonic pole (embryo); or later in fetal pregnancy, umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic fluid, and amniotic membrane. The presence of a positive pregnancy test as well as an empty uterus on transvaginal ultrasound, however, meets the definition of pregnancy in an unknown location. Therefore, a follow-up pregnancy test may be necessary to ensure that no pregnancy remains, including ectopic pregnancy.
An abortive miscarriage occurs when some conception products have been passed, but some remain in the womb. However, increasing the distance between the uterine wall in transvaginal ultrasound can also be an increase in the thickness of the endometrium and/or polyp. The use of Doppler ultrasound may be better in confirming the existence of a product of conception that is maintained significantly in the uterine cavity. In case of uncertainty, ectopic pregnancy should be excluded using techniques such as serial beta-hCG measurements.
A missed miscarriage is when the embryo or fetus has died, but a miscarriage has not yet occurred. This is also referred to as a delayed miscarriage, a miscarriage, or an unanswered abortion.
Septic miscarriage occurs when tissue from a missed or incomplete miscarriage becomes infected, which carries the risk of spreading the infection (septicemia) and can be fatal.
Recurrent miscarriage ("recurrent miscarriage" (RPL) or "abortion habits") is the occurrence of multiple successive miscarriages; the exact number used to diagnose recurrent miscarriage varies. If the proportion of pregnancies ending in miscarriage is 15% and with the assumption that miscarriage is an independent event, then the probability of two consecutive miscarriages is 2.25% and the probability of three consecutive miscarriages is 0.34%. Recurrent miscarriage is 1%. Most (85%) of those who have had two miscarriages will become pregnant and carry normally afterward.
The physical symptoms of miscarriage vary according to the length of pregnancy, although most miscarriages cause pain or cramps. The size of the blood clot and pregnancy tissue that goes through becomes larger with longer gestations. After 13 weeks gestation, there is a higher risk of placental retention.
Prevention
Prevention of miscarriage can sometimes be achieved by reducing risk factors. This may include good prenatal care, avoiding drugs and alcohol, preventing infectious diseases, and avoiding x-rays. Identifying the cause of a miscarriage can help prevent future pregnancy loss, especially in cases of recurrent miscarriage. Often there is little that anyone can do to prevent a miscarriage. Vitamin supplements before or during pregnancy have not been found to affect the risk of miscarriage.
Unmodified risk factors
Preventing miscarriage in subsequent pregnancies can be improved by assessment:
Modifiable risk factors
Maintaining a healthy weight and good prenatal care can reduce the risk of miscarriage. Some risk factors can be minimized by avoiding the following:
- Smoking
- Cocaine use
- Alcohol
- Malnutrition
- Occupational exposure to an agent that can cause miscarriage
- Drugs associated with miscarriage
- Drug abuse
Management
Women who miscarry early in their pregnancy usually do not require subsequent medical care but they can benefit from support and counseling. Most early miscarriages will finish by themselves; in other cases, treatment medications or aspiration conception products can be used to remove the remaining tissue. While bed rest has been recommended to prevent miscarriage, this has not proven to be beneficial. Those who have or have had an abortion benefit from the careful use of medical language. Significant disorders can often be managed by a physician's ability to clearly explain the terms without pointing out that a woman or couple is somehow to blame.
Evidence to support Rho (D) immune globulin after spontaneous abortion is unclear. In the UK, Rho (D) immune globulin is recommended in Rh-negative women after 12 weeks' gestation and before 12 weeks of gestation in those who require surgery or medication to resolve miscarriage.
Method
No treatment required for a complete miscarriage diagnosis (during ectopic pregnancy not performed). In cases of incomplete miscarriages, empty bags, or missed abortions there are three treatment options: alert waiting, medical management, and surgical treatment. Without treatment (waiting in case), most miscarriages (65-80%) will pass naturally in two to six weeks. This treatment avoids possible side effects and drug and surgical complications, but increases the risk of mild bleeding, the need for unplanned surgical treatments, and an incomplete miscarriage. Medical treatment usually consists of the use of misoprostol (prostaglandin) to contract the uterus, removing the rest of the tissue from the cervix. It works within a few days in 95% of cases. A vacuum aspiration or a sharp curette can be used, although vacuum aspiration is more low risk and more common.
Delayed and incomplete failures
In delayed or incomplete miscarriages, treatment depends on the amount of tissue remaining in the uterus. Treatment may include surgical removal of tissues with vacuum aspiration or misoprostol. Studies looking at anesthetic methods for incomplete surgical management of a miscarriage have not shown that any adaptation of normal exercise is beneficial. Some organizations recommend to delay sexual intercourse immediately after a miscarriage to prevent infection. However, there is insufficient evidence for routine use of antibiotics to try to avoid infections in incomplete abortions.
Miscarriage induced
The induced abortion may be performed by a doctor for women who do not wish to continue pregnancy. Self-made abortion by a woman or non-medical is very dangerous and is still the cause of maternal death in some countries. In some locales it is illegal or carries a heavy social stigma.
Support
Organizations exist that provide information and counseling to help those who experience miscarriage. Family and friends often do a memorial service or funeral. The hospital can also provide support and assistance to memorialize the event. Depending on others, they want to hold a private ceremony. Providing support in accordance with frequent discussions and sympathetic counseling is part of the evaluation and care. Those who experience miscarriage for no reason can be treated with emotional support.
Results
Psychological and emotional effects
Each woman's personal experience experiences a different miscarriage, and women who have more than one miscarriage may react differently to each event.
In Western cultures since the 1980s, medical providers assume that having a miscarriage "is a big loss for all pregnant women." Miscarriage can lead to anxiety, depression or stress for those involved. The impact on a woman's life can be underestimated. It could have an impact on the whole family. Many of those who experience miscarriages undergo a grieving process. "Prenatal attachment" is often seen as the parental sensitivity, love and preoccupation directed at the unborn baby. Serious emotional effects are usually experienced immediately after a miscarriage. Some may experience the same loss when ectopic pregnancy is stopped. In some, the realization of the loss could take weeks. Providing family support to those who experience loss can be a challenge because some find comfort in talking about miscarriages while others may find painful events to discuss. The father can have the same sense of loss. Expressing feelings of sadness and loss can sometimes be more difficult for men. Some women may start planning for the next pregnancy after several weeks of miscarriage. For others, planning another pregnancy can be difficult. Some facilities recognize the loss of it. Parents can name and hold their babies. They can be given mementos such as photos and footprints. Some have funerals or funerals. They may declare loss by planting trees.
Some health organizations recommend that sexual activity be postponed after a miscarriage. The menstrual cycle should resume after about three to four months. Women report that their medical miscarriage can be done in ways that can make the experience worse than the incident. Women reported that they were not satisfied with the care they received from doctors and nurses.
Next pregnancy
Some parents want to try to have a baby immediately after a miscarriage. The decision to try to get pregnant again can be difficult. There are reasons that can encourage parents to consider other pregnancies. For an older mother, there may be a sense of urgency. Other parents are optimistic that future pregnancies are likely to succeed. Many are hesitant and curious about the risk of having another miscarriage or more. Some doctors suggest that women have one menstrual cycle before trying another pregnancy. This is because the date of conception may be difficult to determine. Also, the first menstrual cycle after a miscarriage can be longer or shorter than expected. Parents may be advised to wait longer if they have had an advanced miscarriage or a molar pregnancy, or are undergoing a test. Some parents waited for six months on the recommendation of their healthcare provider.
The risk of miscarriage varies according to the cause. The risk of miscarriage after molar pregnancy is very low. Another risk of miscarriage is highest after the third miscarriage. Pre-conception treatments are available in some locally.
Cardiovascular disease later
There is a significant relationship between miscarriage and subsequent development of coronary artery disease, but not cerebrovascular disease.
Epidemiology
Among women who know they are pregnant, the rate of miscarriage is about 10% to 20%, while the rate among all the fertilized zygote is about 30% to 50%. A review of 2012 found a miscarriage risk between 5 and 20 weeks from 11% to 22%. Until the 13th week of pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage each week is about 2%, dropping to 1% at week 14 and decreasing slowly between 14 and 20 weeks.
The exact level is unknown because a large number of miscarriages occur before the pregnancy becomes established and before the woman realizes that they are pregnant. In addition, those who experience bleeding early in pregnancy may seek medical care more often than those without bleeding. Although several studies have attempted to explain this by recruiting women who planned pregnancy and testing for very early pregnancies, they are still not representative of the wider population.
The prevalence of miscarriage increases with the age of both parents. In a Danish register-based study in which the prevalence of miscarriage was 11%, the prevalence increased from 9% at 22 years of age to 84% at 48 years of age. Another, further study in 2013 found that when one parent is over 40 years old, the rate of miscarriage is known to double.
In 2010, 50,000 admissions were hospitalized due to a miscarriage in the UK.
Terminology
Most of the women and affected family members call miscarriage as a baby loss, rather than an embryo or fetus, and health care providers are expected to respect and use the language that the person chooses. Clinical terms can suggest to blame, increase distress, and even cause anger. Terms that are known to cause difficulties in those who experience miscarriage include:
- abortion (including spontaneous abortion ) than a miscarriage,
- abortion habits than women who have recurrent miscarriages,
- conception than baby,
- ovarian egg rather than early miscarriage or delayed miscarriage,
- cervical incompetence rather than cervical weakness, and
- evacuation of conception product retention (ERPC) rather than surgical miscarriage.
Loss of pregnancy is a broad term that describes miscarriage, ectopic and molar pregnancy. The term
History
The medical terminology applied to experience during early pregnancy has changed over time. Prior to the 1980s, health professionals used the phrase spontaneous abortion for miscarriage and induced abortion for termination of pregnancy. In the late 1980s and 1990s, doctors became more aware of their language in relation to the loss of early pregnancy. Some medical writers advocate changes to use miscarriage instead of spontaneous abortion because they think it will be more respectful and help alleviate a sad experience. The change was being recommended by some people in the profession in the UK in the late 1990s. In 2005, the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) published a paper aimed at facilitating the revision of the nomenclature used to describe early pregnancy events.
Society and culture
The community's reaction to miscarriage changes over time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the focus was on the physical health of the mother and the difficulties and inadequacies that can result from miscarriage. Other reactions, such as the cost of medical care and help to end an unwanted pregnancy, are also heard. In the 1940s and 1950s, people were more likely to express relief, not because a miscarriage ended an unwanted or wrong pregnancy, but because people believed that miscarriage was primarily caused by birth defects, and miscarriage meant that the family would not raise the child with disabled. The dominant attitude in the middle ages was that miscarriages, though temporary distress, were a blessing in disguise for the family, and that other pregnancies and healthier babies would soon follow, especially if women trusted doctors and reduced their anxiety. Media articles are illustrated with baby pictures, and magazine articles about a miscarriage are ended by introducing a healthy baby - usually a boy - who immediately follows.
Beginning in the 1980s, miscarriages in the US were primarily framed in terms of individual individual women's emotional reactions, and especially their sadness over tragic outcomes. The subject is depicted in the media with pictures of empty beds or isolated and grieving women, and stories about miscarriages are published in the general mass media, not just women's magazines or health magazines. Family members are encouraged to mourn, to perpetuate their loss through funerals and other rituals, and consider themselves as parents. This shift to recognizing this emotional response is partly due to medical and political success, which creates the hope that pregnancy is usually planned and safe, and women's demands that their emotional reactions are no longer dismissed by medical firms. It also reinforces the belief of the pro-life movement that human life begins at conception or early in pregnancy, and that motherhood is the desired goal of life. The modern one-size-all-all model of grief does not fit every woman's experience, and the hope of grief creates an unnecessary burden for some women. The rearrangement of a miscarriage as a personal emotional experience brings less awareness of miscarriage and a sense of silence around the subject, especially compared to public discussion about miscarriage during the campaign for access to birth control during the early 20th century, or public campaigns to prevent miscarriage, stillbirth , and infant mortality by reducing industrial pollution during the 1970s.
In places where an induced abortion is illegal or carries a social stigma, suspicion may surround miscarriages, complicating an already sensitive issue.
In the 1960s, the use of the word miscarriage in the UK (not spontaneous abortion ) occurred after a change in law.
The development of ultrasound technology (in the early 1980s) enabled them to identify earlier miscarriages.
According to French law, an infant born before the age of viability, determined to be 28 weeks, is not registered as a 'child'. If birth occurs after this, the infant is given a certificate that allows a woman who has given birth to a stillborn child, to have a symbolic record of the child. This certificate may include a registered name and is provided for the purpose of allowing funerals and acknowledgment of the event.
Other animals
Miscarriage occurs in all pregnant animals, although in that context it is more commonly referred to as "spontaneous abortion" (the two terms are identical). There are various known risk factors in non-human animals. For example, in sheep, a miscarriage can be caused by a crowd at the door, or being chased by a dog. In cattle, spontaneous abortion may be caused by infectious diseases, such as brucellosis or Campylobacter , but can often be controlled with vaccination. In many species of sharks and rays, nervousness caused by stress often occurs in capture.
Other diseases are also known to make animals vulnerable to miscarriage. Spontaneous abortion occurs in pregnant prairie rats when their partner is released and they are exposed to new men, an example of the Bruce effect, although this effect is seen less in wild populations than in the laboratory. Female mice who had spontaneous abortions showed a sharp increase in the amount of time spent with foreign men before abortion than those who did not have an abortion.
See also
- Maternity
- Pregnancy and Lost Baby's Birthday
References
Bibliography
- Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology . New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN: 9780071716727.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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