Politics

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Politics (from Greek: ???????? , translit.Ã, PolitikÃÆ'¡ , meaning" municipal affairs ") is a decision-making process that applies to group members.

It refers to the achievement and execution of government positions - organized control over the human community, in particular the state.

In modern nation states, people have formed political parties to represent their ideas. They agree to take the same position in many issues, and agree to support the same change to the same law and leader.

The selection is usually a competition between different parties. Some examples of political parties are the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa, Tory in the United Kingdom and the Indian National Congress.

Politics is a multifaceted word. It has a fairly specific set of descriptive and non-judgmental meanings (such as "art or government science" and "political principles"), but often brings a dishonest connotation of malpractice. The negative connotation of politics, as seen in the phrase "playing politics", for example, has been in use since at least 1853, when abolitionist Wendell Phillips stated: "We do not play politics; anti-slavery is not half joking with us."

Various methods are deployed in politics, which includes promoting their own political views among people, negotiating with other political subjects, making laws, and using force, including war against enemies. Politics is carried out at various social levels, from clans and tribes of traditional societies, through modern regional governments, enterprises and institutions to sovereign states, to the international level.

It is often said that politics is about power. The political system is a framework that defines acceptable political methods within a particular society. The history of political thought can be traced back to the beginning of time, with seminal works such as Plato's Republic , Aristotle's Politics and Confucian works.

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Etymology

The word comes from the same Greek word from which Aristotle's title Politics (????????, Polis ) is also derived; policy means "municipal affairs". The title of the book was translated in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as "Polettiques"; it becomes "politics" in Modern English. The single politic was first proved in English 1430 and originated from central France politique , in turn from Latin politicus , which is the Latinization of Greek ? ???????? ("politos"), which means, among other things, "from, for, or in connection with a citizen", "civil", "nationality", "state property", in turn of ??????? ( polites ), "citizens" and that of ????? ( policy ), "city".

Classification

Formal Politics refers to the operation of the constitutional system of government and institutions and procedures established by the public. Political parties, public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs will fall into the category of Formal Politics. Many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves, but it can still affect their daily lives.

Semi-formal politics is Politics in government associations such as environmental associations, or student governments where student political party politics are often important.

Informal politics is understood as forming alliances, exercising power and protecting and promoting certain ideas or goals. Generally, this includes anything that affects a person's daily life, such as how to manage an office or household, or how people or groups influence others. Informal politics is usually understood as everyday politics, hence the idea that "politics is everywhere".

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Political history of the country

Political history is reflected in the origins, developments, and economics of governmental institutions.

Circumstances

The origin of the state can be found in the development of the art of war . Historically speaking, all the political communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare.

Kings, emperors and other kings in many countries including China and Japan, are considered sacred. From the institutions that govern the state, that the kingdom stands in the forefront until the American Revolution ends the "right of the divine king". Nevertheless, the monarchy is one of the longest surviving political institutions, since 2100 BC in Sumer to the 21st century AD of the British Empire. Kingship became an institution through the institution of the Hereditary monarchy.

The king often, even in absolute monarchy, ruled his empire with the help of an elite advisory group, a council without which he could not maintain power. When these advisers and others outside the monarchy negotiate for power, constitutional monarchy emerges, which can be regarded as a germ of constitutional government.

The greatest of the king's subordinates, the earls and dukes in England and Scotland, dukes and numbers on the Continent, always sat as a right on the council. A conqueror wages war over a conquered person for revenge or for plundering but an established empire demands tribute. One of the functions of the council is to keep the coffers of a full king. Another is the satisfaction of the military service and the ruling establishment by the king to fulfill the task of collecting taxes and the army.

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Themes

Forms of political organization

There are many forms of political organization, including states, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international organizations such as the United Nations. The state may be the principal institutional form of political government, in which the state is understood as an institution and the government is understood as a ruling regime.

According to Aristotle, the state is classified into monarchy, aristocracy, timocracy, democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny. Due to changes throughout political history, this classification has been abandoned.

All countries are varieties of a single organizational form, a sovereign state. All the great powers of the modern world's rulers on the principle of sovereignty. Sovereign power may be granted to individuals as in autocratic government or may be granted to such groups in constitutional government. The Constitution is a written document that specifies and limits the powers of various branches of government. Although the Constitution is a written document, there is also an unwritten constitution. The unwritten Constitution is continually written by the legislative branch of government; this is just one of the cases in which the nature of the state determines the most appropriate form of government. The British did set the constitutionally written modes during the Civil War but after the Restoration left them to be taken later by the American Colonies after their emancipation and then France after the Revolution and throughout Europe including the European colonies.

There are many forms of government. One form is a strong central government such as France and China. Another form is local government, like the ancient divisions in England that are relatively weaker but less bureaucratic. These two forms helped shape federal government practice, first in Switzerland, then in the United States in 1776, in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1871 and in 1901, Australia. The federal state introduced the principle of approval or new contract. Compared to the federation, the confederation has a more dispersed judicial power system. In the American Civil War, the Confederate State dispute that a State can escape from the Union can not be sustained because of the powers enjoyed by the Federal government in its executive, legislative and judicial branches.

According to professor AV Dicey in Introduction to the Constitutional Law Studies , the essential features of the federal constitution are: a) The supreme constitution is written to prevent disputes between the jurisdiction of the Federal and State Governments; b) Power sharing between the Federal and State governments and c) The Supreme Court authorized to interpret the Constitution and enforce the remaining land law independently of the two executive and legislative branches.

Global politics

Global politics covers various practices of political globalization in relation to social power questions: from global governance to globalization conflict. The 20th century witnessed the results of two world wars and not just the rise and fall of the Third Reich but also the rise and fall of communism. The development of the atomic bomb gave the United States a quicker end to its conflict in Japan in World War II. Later, the hydrogen bomb became a weapon of mass destruction.

Global politics also involves the emergence of global and international organizations . The UN has served as a peace forum in a world threatened by nuclear war, "The discovery of nuclear weapons and outer space makes war unacceptable as an instrument for achieving political goals." Although radical all-out slaughter is radically undesirable to humans, "nuclear blackmail" is questioned not only on the issue of world peace but also on issues of national sovereignty. On Sunday in 1962, the world still stands on the brink of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis of October from the adoption of US vs. Soviet nuclear extortion policy.

According to professor of political science Paul James, global politics is influenced by values: human rights norms, human development ideas, and beliefs such as cosmopolitanism about how we should relate to each:

Cosmopolitanism can be defined as a global politics which, first, projects the social politics of common engagement among all people around the world, and, secondly, shows that this sociality must be either ethically or organization privileged over other forms of sociality.

Political corruption

William Pitt the Elder, speaking in front of the English House of Lords, January 9, 1770, observes: "Unlimited power tends to ruin the minds of those who have it." This is echoed more famous by John Dalberg-Acton more than a century later: "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power is utterly corrupt."

Political corruption is the use of power promulgated by government officials for unlawful personal gain. Abuses of government power for other purposes, such as oppression of political opponents and general police brutality, are not considered political corruption. Nor is it illegal by individuals or companies not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an office official is a political corruption only if it is directly related to their official duties and/or authorities.

The forms of corruption vary, but include corruption, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, corruption, and embezzlement. While corruption can facilitate criminal enterprises such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, it is not limited to these activities. Activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For example, certain legal political funding practices in one place may be illegal elsewhere. In some cases, government officials have broad or unclearly defined powers, which makes it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal acts. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve more than 1 trillion US dollars every year. The state of uncontrolled political corruption is known as kleptocracy, which literally means "rule by thieves".

Political party

Political parties are political organizations that typically seek to achieve and maintain political power within government, usually by participating in election campaigns, educational outreaches or protests. The party often supports ideology or vision expressed by a written platform with a specific purpose, forming a coalition between different interests.

Politics as an academic discipline

Political science, political studies, examines the acquisition and application of power. Political scientist Harold Lasswell defines politics as "who gets what, when, and how". Related fields of study include political philosophy, which seeks reasons for political and ethical public behavior, as well as checks the prerequisites for the formation of a political community; political economy, which seeks to develop an understanding of the relationship between politics and economics and the governance of both; and public administration, which examines governance practices. Philosopher Charles Blattberg, who defines politics as "responding to conflict with dialogue," offers an account that distinguishes political philosophy from political ideology.

The first academic seat devoted to politics in the United States was chairman of history and political science at Columbia University, first occupied by Prussian © © Francis Lieber in 1857.

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Political value

Several different political spectra have been proposed.

Left-right

Political analysts and politicians divide politics into left-wing and right-wing politics, often using central political notions as the middle path of policy between right and left. This classification is relatively new (not used by Aristotle or Hobbes, for example), and originated in the era of the French Revolution, when members of the National Assembly who supported the republic, ordinary people and secular society sat on the left. and supporters of the monarchy, the privilege of the aristocracy and the Church sitting on the right.

The meaning behind the label becomes more complicated over the years. The most influential event was the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. The Manifesto suggested an act of action for the proletarian revolution to overthrow the bourgeois society and abolish private property, in believing that this would lead to a classless society and without state.

The left-wing and right-wing meanings vary greatly between different countries and at different times, but in general, it can be said that the right wing often values ​​tradition and inequality while the left-wing often values ​​progress and egalitarianism, with the center looking for a balance between the two as with democracy social, libertarian or regulated capitalism.

According to Norberto Bobbio, one of the main exponents of this difference, the Left believes in an attempt to eradicate social inequality - believing it to be unethical or unnatural while Right considers most of the social inequalities as a result of inexorable natural inequalities, and sees efforts to uphold equality social as utopian or authoritarian.

Some ideologies, notably Christian Democracy, claim to combine left-wing and right-wing politics; according to Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood, "In terms of ideology, Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within the broader framework of moral and Christian principles." Movements claiming or previously claimed to be above the left-right division include Fascist Terza Posizione's economic politics in Italy, Peronism in Argentina, and the National Action Party in Mexico.

Authoritarian-libertarian

Authoritarianism and libertarianism refer to the amount of individual freedom that everyone has in the society relative to the state. A writer describes an authoritarian political system as something in which "individual rights and goals are subordinated to group goals, expectations and conformity", while libertarians generally oppose the state and regard individuals as rulers. In its purest form, libertarians are anarchists, who oppose the total abolition of the state, political parties and other political entities, while the theoretically the purest theoretically, totalitarians support state control over all aspects of society.

For example, classical liberalism (also known as laissez-faire liberalism) is a doctrine that emphasizes limited individual freedom and government. These include the importance of human rationality, private property, free markets, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, the constitutional restriction of government, and the individual freedom of control as exemplified in the writings of John Locke, Adam Smith, David Hume, David Ricardo, Voltaire, Montesquieu , and others. According to the Libertarian Institute for Humane Studies, "libertarian, or" classical liberal "perspective, it is that individual welfare, prosperity and social harmony are fostered by as much freedom as possible and as little as necessary government. For anarchist political philosopher L. Susan Brown "Liberalism and anarchism are two political philosophies that are essentially related to individual freedom but differ from each other in very different ways Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while denying the competitive property of relationship liberalism."

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See also

• Index of legal articles
• Index of political articles - alphabetical political topics list
• List of years in politics
• Legal outline
• Outline of political science - a structured list of political topics, organized by subject area
• List of politics - political topics list
• Current country politics
• Political organization
• List of political ideologies

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Note

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References

• Connolly, William (1981). Appearance and Reality in Politics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• James, Paul; Soguk, Nevzat (2014). Globalization and Politics, Vol. 1: Political Governance and Global Law . London: Sage Publications . Retrieved 2016-02-19 .
• Ryan, Alan: About Politics: The History of Political Thought from Herodotus to The Present. London: Allen Lane, 2012. ISBNÃ, 978-0-713-99364-6

Source of the article : Wikipedia