Social policy is a term applied to various policy areas, usually in government or political settings (such as welfare state and social service studies).
It can refer to guidelines, principles, laws and activities that affect living conditions conducive to human well-being, such as the quality of one's life. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as "an interdisciplinary and applied subject related to the analysis of societal responses to social needs", which seeks to foster students' ability to understand theories and evidence drawn from various social disciplines including economics, sociology, psychology, geography, history, law, philosophy, and political science. Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes social policy as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor". Social policy can also be described as actions affecting the welfare of community members through the establishment of distribution and access to goods and resources within the community. Social policy often deals with evil issues.
Discussions about "social policy" in the United States and Canada may also apply to government policies on social issues such as addressing racism, LGBT issues (such as same-sex marriage) and legal status of abortion, firearms, euthanasia, recreational drugs. and prostitution.
Video Social policy
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The earliest example of direct government intervention in human welfare comes from the government of Umar ibn al-Khatt? As the second caliph of Islam in the 6th century. He uses the collection of zakat as well as other government resources to establish pensions, income support, child support, and benefits for people from non-Muslim communities.
In the West, advocates of scientific social planning such as the sociologist Auguste Comte, and social researchers, such as Charles Booth, contributed to the emergence of social policy in the first industrialized countries after the industrial revolution. Poverty surveys that expose brutal conditions in the urban slums of Victorian England in the United States put pressure on changes such as setbacks and the abolition of poor legal systems and liberal welfare reforms. Another important example in the development of social policy was the 19th-century Bismarckian welfare state of Germany, the social security policy in the United States introduced under the New Deal section between 1933 and 1935, and the 1946 National Health Service Act in England.
Social policy in the 21st century is complex and in every country it is subject to local and national governments, as well as supranational political influences. For example, EU membership depends on the compliance of member states to the Social Chapter of the European Union legislation and other international laws.
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Social policy is an academic discipline that focuses on the systematic evaluation of people's responses to social needs. Founded in the early twentieth century of the 20th century as a complement to the study of social work. One can argue that there is no clear and comprehensive definition of social policy. This may be because social policy is more a field of study than a discipline, and also because the meaning of social policy continues to evolve over time. For this reason, the founders of the discipline (especially sociologists, such as Thomas Humphrey Marshall, Titmuss, Peter Townsend (sociologist) and historians, such as Asa Briggs) primarily define the domain by looking at its purpose: to reduce poverty, ensure against social risks, for all, promote economic growth, and encourage the expansion of social citizenship and social rights.
Scholars study and categorize social security systems based on their 'modes of intervention' (universalism, social insurance, social assistance). Of course, every welfare state system includes a mixture of these elements, but certain systems are adapted to the universal principle of Sweden and Denmark. Others emphasize social insurance mechanisms, namely Germany and France. Still another focus on social assistance for the poor, the UK.
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Social policy aims to improve human well-being and to meet human needs for education, health, housing and economic security. Important areas of social policy are welfare and prosperity, poverty reduction, social security, justice, unemployment insurance, living conditions, animal rights, pensions, health care, social housing, family policies, social concerns, child protection, social exclusion , education policy, crime and criminal justice, urban development, and labor issues.
Religious, racial, ideological, scientific and philosophical movements and ideas have historically influenced American social policy, for example, John Calvin and his ideas on pre-Purpose and Protestant Values ​​of hard work and individualism. In addition, Social Darwinism helped shape the ideas of American capitalism and the most powerful survival mentality. Catholic social teaching is also very influential on the development of social policy.
US politicians who prefer government adherence to social policy often do not frame their proposals around typical notions of well-being or benefits; on the contrary, in cases like Medicare and Medicaid, President Lyndon Johnson presented a package called the Great Society that frames a greater vision of poverty and quality of life. Insurance has become a growing policy topic, and the latest example of health care legislation as a social policy is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act established by the 111th US Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama, a Democrat , on March 23, 2010.
In addition, former President Franklin D. Roosevelt in violation of the New Deal is an example of a Social Policy that focuses primarily on job-supply programs and stimulates the economy through public spending on projects rather than cash payments. The programs were in response to the Great Depression that affected the United States in the 1930s.
The proposed American education policy of a Republican president is the No Child Left Behind Act. This law came into force on January 8, 2002, and was enacted to improve the standards in education so that different individuals could have better educational outcomes. The No Child Left Behind Act requires every country to assess students on the basic skills to receive federal funds. However, this Act does not create national standards because each country develops its own set of standards and judgments. The criticism of almost all social policies leads to the depiction of the welfare state in the name of the Hobbesian Leviathan.
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Further reading
- Social & amp; Administration
- Titmuss, R. M. (1951) Social policy issues . HM Stationery Office ISBNÃ,?
- Dean, H. (2006). Social Policy . Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3434-0.
- Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) Three worlds welfare capitalism . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Ferragina, Emanuele and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, "Welfare Regime Debate: The Past, Now, The Future?" Policies & amp; Politics : 39 (2011): 4: 583-611.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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