The Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ), known informally as the Convention on Biological Diversity , is a multilateral agreement. The Convention has three main objectives including: biodiversity conservation (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components; and equitable and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
In other words, the aim is to develop a national strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. This is often seen as a key document on sustainable development. The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993. At the 2010 Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity in October in Nagoya, Japan, the Nagoya Protocol was adopted.
Video Convention on Biological Diversity
Origin and scope
The idea of ​​an international convention on biodiversity diversity was conceived by the United Nations Ad Hoc Expert Working Group on Biodiversity in November 1988. The following year, the Ad Hoc Technical and Legal Group was established for the preparation of legal texts aimed at the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, as well as share the benefits arising from their use with sovereign and local communities. In 1991, an intergovernmental negotiating committee was formed, in charge of completing the text of the convention.
The Conference for Approved Adoption Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1992, and its conclusions are screened in the Final Act of Nairobi. The text of the Convention was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ("Rio Earth Summit"). On the closing date, June 4, 1993, the convention received 168 signatures. This came into force on 29 December 1993.
The first recognized convention in international law that biodiversity conservation is a "common concern of mankind" and is an integral part of the development process. This agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. It connects traditional conservation efforts with the economic goal of sustainable use of biological resources. It establishes the principle for equitable and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, especially those destined for commercial use. It also includes a rapidly expanding biotechnology field through the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; the countries that join it ('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions.
The Convention reminds decision makers that natural resources are unlimited and establish a philosophy of sustainable use. Although past conservation efforts are aimed at protecting certain species and habitats, the Convention recognizes that ecosystems, species and genes should be used for the benefit of humans. However, this should be done in a way and at a level that does not lead to a decline in long-term biodiversity.
The Convention also offers a prudent decision-making guideline that demands that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biodiversity, the lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as an excuse to delay measures to avoid or minimize threats. The Convention recognizes that substantial investments are required to conserve biodiversity. However, this confirms that conservation will give us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return.
The 2010 Convention on Biological Diversity prohibits some forms of geoengineering.
Maps Convention on Biological Diversity
Problem
Some of the many problems addressed under the convention include:
- Measuring incentives for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
- Access that is set to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, including Approval of Prior Information from those who provide resources.
- Share, in a fair and equitable manner, research and development results and benefits arising from commercial use and other genetic resources with the signatory Party providing such resources (local governments and/or communities providing traditional knowledge or resources biodiversity used).
- Access and technology transfer, including biotechnology, to governments and/or local communities that provide traditional knowledge and/or biodiversity resources.
- Technical and scientific cooperation.
- Global Taxonomy Initiative (Global Taxonomy Initiative) directory.
- Impact assessment.
- Education and public awareness.
- Provision of financial resources.
- National reporting on attempts to implement commitment agreements.
Cartagena Protocol
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety of the Convention, also known as the Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in January 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biodiversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology..
The Biosafety Protocol makes it clear that products from new technologies must be based on prudential principles and allow developing countries to balance public health for economic benefits. This would for example let countries prohibit the import of genetically modified organisms if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence that the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically modified commodities such as corn or cotton.
The required number of the 50 instruments of ratification/accession/approval/acceptance by states was reached in May 2003. Pursuant to the provisions of its Article 37, the present Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003.
Global Strategy for the Conservation of Plants
In April 2002, the United Nations' CBD adopted the Gran Canaria Declaration Recommendation Calling for Global Plant Conservation Strategy, and adopted a 16 point plan aimed at slowing the rate of worldwide extinction in 2010.
Parties
In 2016, the Convention has 196 parties, which includes 195 countries and the European Union. All UN member states - with the exception of the United States - have ratified the treaty. The non-UN member states that have ratified it are the Cook Islands, Niue, and Palestinian States. Holy See and countries with limited recognition are non-parties. The United States has signed but not ratified the treaty, and has not yet announced its plan to ratify it.
International body established
The Conference of the Parties: The Convention Organizing Body is a Conference of Parties (COP), comprising all governments (and regional economic integration organizations) that have ratified the treaty. This supreme authority reviewed progress under the Convention, identified new priorities, and established work plans for members. The COP may also make amendments to the Convention, establish an expert advisory body, review progress reports by member countries, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements.
The Conference of the Parties uses the expertise and support of several other bodies established by the Convention. In addition to committees or mechanisms that are formed on an ad hoc basis, the two main organs are:
Secretariat: The CBD Secretariat, based in Montreal, operates under the United Nations Environment Program. Its main functions are to organize meetings, organize documents, assist member governments in implementing work programs, coordinate with other international organizations, and collect and disseminate information.
Subsidiaries for Technical, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA): Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical, and Technological Advice (SBSTTA). SBSTTA is a committee consisting of experts from competent member governments in relevant fields. It plays a key role in making recommendations to the COP on scientific and technical issues. The 13th Meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-13) was held from 18 to 22 February 2008 at the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome, Italy. The SBSTTA-13 delegation meets on the Whole Committee in the morning to complete and adopt recommendations on an in-depth review of the work program on agricultural and forest biodiversity and the modus operandi of SBSTTA to consider new and emerging issues. The closing plenary is held in the afternoon to adopt recommendations on marine biodiversity, marine biodiversity, invasive alien species and biodiversity and climate change. The current Chairman of SBSTTA is Dr. Senka Barudanovic.
Implementation state
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)
"The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAPs) is the main instrument for implementing the Convention at the national level (Article 6).The Convention obliges states to prepare national biodiversity strategies (or equivalent instruments) and to ensure that these strategies are mainstreamed in planning and activities of all sectors whose activities can have an impact (positive and negative) on biodiversity.To date [2012-02-01], 173 Parties have developed NBSAP in accordance with Article 6. "
For example, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Tanzania have made a complex response to preserving individual species and certain habitats. The United States, a signatory that has not ratified the treaty, has produced one of the most comprehensive implementation programs through the species recovery program and other long-standing mechanisms in the US for species conservation.
Singapore has also developed the Strategy and Action Plan for National Biodiversity . The National Center for Biodiversity Singapore represents Singapore in the Convention for Biological Diversity.
National Report
In accordance with Article 26 of the Convention, the Parties prepare a national report on the status of the implementation of the Convention.
Executive Secretary
The current executive secretary is Cristiana Pa? Ca Palmer, who took up this post on March 17, 2017. Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias was the former executive secretary.
Nagoya Protocol
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Equitable and Fair Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity are additional agreements to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This provides a transparent legal framework for implementing one of the three goals of the CBD effectively: fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from the utilization of genetic resources. This Protocol was adopted on October 29, 2010 in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, and came into force on October 12, 2014. The goal is a fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thus contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
Meeting of the parties
1994 COP 1
The first regular meeting of the parties to the convention took place in November and December 1994, in Nassau, Bahamas.
1995 COP 2
The second regular meeting of the parties to the convention took place in November 1995, in Jakarta, Indonesia.
1996 COP 3
The third general meeting of the parties to the convention took place in November 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
COP 4 1998
The fourth general meeting of the parties to the convention took place in May 1998, in Bratislava, Slovakia.
1999 EXCOP 1
The First Extraordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties took place in February 1999, in Cartagena, Colombia.
2000 COP 5
The fifth general meeting of the parties to the convention took place in May 2000, in Nairobi, Kenya.
COP 2002 6
The sixth general meeting of convention parties took place in April 2002, in The Hague, Netherlands.
2004 COP 7
The seventh regular meeting of the parties to the convention took place in February 2004, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2006 COP 8
The eighth general meeting of the parties to the convention took place in March 2006, in Curitiba, Brazil.
COP 9 2008
The ninth general meeting of the parties to the convention took place in May 2008, in Bonn, Germany.
COP 10 2010
The tenth general meeting of the parties to the convention took place in October 2010, in Nagoya, Japan.
COP 11 2012
Presiding at the Conference of the Parties (COP 11) on biodiversity in Hyderabad, India 2012, preparations for the World View on Biodiversity have begun, involving old and new partners and building on the experience of the World Views on Global Warming.
COP 12 2014
Under the theme, "Biodiversity for Sustainable Development," thousands of government representatives, NGOs, indigenous peoples, scientists and the private sector gathered in Pyeongchang, the Republic of Korea in October 2014 for the 12th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 12 ).
From 6-17 October 2014, the Parties discussed the implementation of the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and Aichi Biodiversity Target, to be achieved by the end of the decade. Results of Global Biodiversity Outlook 4, CBD's main assessment report informs the discussion.
The conference provides a mid-term evaluation of the Joint Decade of Biodiversity (2011-2020) initiative, aimed at promoting conservation and sustainable use of nature.
At the end of the meeting, the meeting adopted the "Pyeongchang Road Map," which addresses ways to achieve biodiversity through technological cooperation, funding and capacity building of developing countries.
2016 COP 13
The thirteenth general meeting of the party for the convention takes place between 2 and 17 December 2016 in Cancun, Mexico.
Warning Period
2010 is the International Year of Biodiversity. The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity is the focal point for the International Year of Biodiversity. On December 22, 2010, the United Nations declared the period from 2011 to 2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biological Diversity. Therefore, they follow the recommendations of the CBD signing during COP10 in Nagoya in October 2010.
Criticism
Although the convention explicitly states that all life forms are covered by its provisions, the examination of national biodiversity reports and strategies and action plans proposed by participating countries shows that in practice this is not the case. The fifth report of the European Union, for example, often refers to animals (especially fish) and plants, but does not mention bacteria, fungi or protists at all. The International Society for the Conservation of Fungi has assessed more than 100 of these CBD documents for their mushroom coverage using established criteria to place each in one of six categories. No document is considered good or adequate, less than 10% for almost enough or poor, and the rest less, very lacking or completely inadequate. What's more, intensive monocultures and human population overruns are two of the most important biodiversity issues to address.
See also
- The 2010 Biodiversity Diversity Partnership
- Target Biodiversity 2010
- Agreement on Trade Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
- Bank of biodiversity
- Biological Diversity Act, 2002
- Biopirasi
- Bioprospecting
- Biosphere Reserves
- Convention on the Conservation of Wild Animal Species
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna
- Convention on the Wetlands of International Interest, especially as a Habitat of Water Bribery
- Ecotourism
- Endangered species
- Endangered Species Recovery Plan
- Environmental agreements
- Environmental Change Convention, another prohibition on climate modification/weather engineering.
- The Important Global Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)
- Green Development Initiative (GDI)
- Holocene Extinction
- Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
- International Cooperative Biodiversity Group
- International Organization for Biological Control
- International Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
- International Year of Biodiversity
- Migratory Bird Treaty of 1918 Act
- Singapore Red Data Book
- Red Data Book of the Russian Federation
- Satoyama
- Sustainable forest management
- UN Convention to Combat Desertification
- The UN Decade on Biodiversity
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- World Conservation Monitoring Center
References
This article is based in part on the relevant entry in the CIA World Factbook, in the 2008 edition.
Further reading
- Davis, K. 2008. A CBD guide for botanic gardens English version, Italian version of Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)
External links
- Website of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- Conventions from the CBD website
- Ratification on storage
- A case study on the implementation of the Convention from the BGCI website with links to relevant articles
- Preliminary notes by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural and audiovisual historical records on the Convention on Biological Diversity in the Historical Archive of the United Nations Audiovisual Library on International Law
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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