Eliezer " Elie " Wiesel ( , Hebrew: ????????????????????, '? lÃÆ''ÃÆ' Â © zer VÃÆ'z? l ; 30 September 1928 - July 2, 2016) is a Romanian-born Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust victim. He wrote 57 books, mostly written in French and English, including Malam , a work based on his experience as a prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.
Along with writing, he was a professor of humanities at Boston University, who created the Center for Jewish Study of Elie Wiesel in his honor. He was involved with the Jewish cause, and helped establish the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. In his political activities he also campaigned for victims of repression in places like South Africa, Nicaragua, Kosovo, and genocide in Sudan. He publicly condemned the Armenian Genocide of 1915 and remained a strong defender of human rights throughout his lifetime. He is described as "the most important Jew in America" ​​by the Los Angeles Times.
Wiesel was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, at which time the Norwegian Nobel Committee called him "a messenger to mankind," declaring that through his struggle to reconcile with "his own personal experience of total humiliation and total humiliation expressed in Hitler's death camps "and his practical work in the cause of peace", Wiesel has conveyed the message of "peace, repentance and human dignity" to mankind.He is a founding member of the New York Human Rights Foundation and remains active throughout his life.
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Kehidupan awal
Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet (now Sighetu Marma? Iei), Maramure? in the Carpathian Mountains of Romania. His parents are Sarah Feig and Shlomo Wiesel. At home, the Wiesel family often speak Yiddish, but also German, Hungarian, and Romanian. Wiesel's mother, Sarah, is the daughter of Dodye Feig, a well-known Vizhnitz Hasid and a farmer from a nearby village. Dodye is active and trusted in the community.
Wiesel's father Shlomo instilled a strong sense of humanity in his son, encouraged him to study Hebrew and read literature, while his mother encouraged him to study the Torah. Wiesel says his father represents the reason while his mother, Sarah, promotes faith. Wiesel instructed that his lineage be traced back to Rabbi Schlomo, son of Yitzhak, and was descended from Rabbi Yeshayahu ben Abraham Horovitz ha-Levi, a writer.
Wiesel has three siblings - elder sisters Beatrice and Hilda, and sister, Tzipora. Beatrice and Hilda survived the war and reunited with Wiesel at the French orphanage. They eventually emigrated to North America, with Beatrice moving to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Tzipora, Shlomo, and Sarah did not survive the Holocaust.
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Jailed and became an orphan during the Holocaust
In March 1944, the Germans occupied Hungary which extended the Holocaust to that country. Wiesel is 15 years old, and he and his family, along with the rest of the city's Jewish population, are placed in one of two residential areas built at MÃÆ'¡ramarossziget (Sighet), the city where he was born and raised. In May 1944, Hungarian authorities, under German pressure, began deporting the Jewish community to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where up to 90 per cent of people were destroyed on arrival.
As soon as they were sent to Auschwitz, his mother and sister were murdered. Wiesel and his father were chosen to do work as long as they were able-bodied, after which they had to be killed in the gas chamber. Wiesel and his father were then deported to the concentration camp at Buchenwald. Until the transfer, he admitted to Oprah Winfrey, his primary motivation for trying to survive Auschwitz was knowing that his father was alive: "I know that if I die, he will die." After they were taken to Buchenwald, his father died before the camp was released. In Night, Wiesel recalled the embarrassment he felt when he heard his father beaten and could not help.
Wiesel was tattooed with the "A-7713" inmate on his left arm. The camp was released by the US Third Army on April 11, 1945, when they were only ready to be evacuated from Buchenwald.
Postwar career as a writer
French
After World War II ended and Wiesel was released, he joined the transport of 1,000 survivor children from Buchenwald to Ecouis, France, where OEuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE) had established a rehabilitation center. Wiesel then joined a smaller group of 90 to 100 boys from Orthodox homes who wanted a halal facility and a higher level of religious observance; they were treated in a house in Ambloy under the direction of director Judith Hemmendinger. The house was later moved to Taverny and operated until 1947.
After that, Wiesel went to Paris where he studied French and studied literature, philosophy and psychology at the Sorbonne. He heard lectures by philosopher Martin Buber and existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre and he spent the night reading works by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Franz Kafka, and Thomas Mann.
By the time he was 19, he began working as a journalist, writing in French, while also teaching Hebrew and working as a treasurer. He wrote for Israeli and French newspapers, including Tsien in Kamf (in Yiddish).
In 1946, after learning of the Irgun bombing of the King David Hotel, Wiesel made an unsuccessful attempt to join the underground Zionist movement. In 1948, he translated articles from Hebrew into Yiddish for Irgun magazines, but never became a member of the organization. In 1949 he went to Israel as a correspondent for the French newspaper L'arche . He was later employed as a Paris correspondent for the Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth, who later became his international correspondent.
During the ten years after the war, Wiesel refused to write about or discuss his experiences during the Holocaust. He began reconsidering his decision after meeting French writer FranÃÆ'§ois Mauriac, the 1952 Nobel Laureate in Literature who eventually became a close friend of Wiesel. Mauriac was a devout Christian who had fought in the French Resistance during the war. He compared Wiesel with "Lazarus rose from the dead," and saw from the tormented eyes of Wiesel, "the death of God in the soul of a child." Mauriac persuaded him to start writing about his terrible experiences.
Wiesel first wrote a 900-page memoir Un in velt hot geshvign ( And The World Remains Silent ) in Yiddish, published in summary form in Buenos Aires. Wiesel rewrote a shortened version of the French script, La Nuit , in 1955. It was translated into English as Night in 1960. This book sold several copies after publications, but still attracts interest from reviewers, leading to television interviews with Wiesel and meetings with literary figures such as Saul Bellow.
After its popularity increased, Night finally translated into 30 languages ​​with 10 million copies sold in the United States. At one point, film director Orson Welles wanted to make it a feature film, but Wiesel refused, feeling that his biography would lose its meaning if told without silence between his words. Oprah Winfrey made her the spotlight choice for her book club in 2006.
United States
In 1955, Wiesel moved to New York as a foreign correspondent for the Israeli daily, Yediot Ahronot . In 1969, he married Marion Erster Rose, who is from Austria, who also translated many of his books. They had one son, Shlomo Elisha Wiesel, named after Wiesel's father.
In the US, he went on to write over 40 books, most of them non-fiction Holocaust literature, and novels. As a writer, he has been awarded a number of literary prizes and is considered among the most important in portraying the Holocaust from a very personal perspective. As a result, some historians praised Wiesel by giving the term "Holocaust" current meaning, although he did not feel that the word adequately described the historical event.
In 1975 he founded the magazine Moment with author Leonard Fein.
The 1979 book and game The Trial of God is said to be based on his real Auschwitz experience of witnessing three Jews who, almost dying, tempted God, under the charge that He had oppressed the Jews. Regarding his personal beliefs, Wiesel calls himself an agnostic.
Wiesel also played a role in Jerzy Kosinski's early success by The Painted Bird by endorsing it before the disclosure that the book was fiction and, in the sense that it was presented as all true experience of Kosinski, a hoax.
Wiesel published two volumes of memoirs. The first, All Rivers Running to the Sea , was published in 1994 and covered its life up to 1969. The second, entitled
Political activism
Wiesel and his wife, Marion, started the Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Foundation in 1986. He served as president of the Presidential Commission on the Holocaust (later renamed the US Holocaust Memorial Council) from 1978 to 1986, pioneering the United States Holocaust building. Memorial Museum in Washington, DC
The museum gave The Elie Wiesel Award to "the world's leading figures whose actions have advanced the Museum's vision of a world where people face hatred, prevent genocide, and enhance human dignity." The Foundation has invested its contribution in the Ponzi scheme of investment finance manager Bernard L. Madoff, which cost $ 15 million and Wiesel and his wife with their own personal savings.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986 for speaking out against violence, oppression, and racism. The Norwegian Nobel Committee described Wiesel as "one of the most important spiritual leaders and guides in an age when violence, oppression and racism continue to color the world." Wiesel explains his feelings during his acceptance speech:
Silence triggers the tormentor, not the tormented. Sometimes we have to interfere. When human life is threatened, when human dignity is in danger, national borders and sensitivities become irrelevant.
He received many other prizes and awards for his work, including the 1985 Congressional Gold Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence. He was also elected to the American Academy of Art and Literature in 1996.
Wiesel co-founded Moment Magazine with Leonard Fein in 1975. They set up the magazine to vote for American Jews. He is also a member of the International Advisory Board of NGO Supervisors.
Wiesel became a popular speaker on the Holocaust issue. As a political activist, he also advocates many causes, including Israel, the suffering of Soviet and Ethiopian Jews, victims of apartheid in South Africa, Argentina Desaparecidos, Bosnian genocide victims in former Yugoslavia, Miskito Indians in Nicaragua, and the Kurds.
In April 1999, Wiesel delivered the speech "The Danger of Indifference" in Washington D.C., criticizing those and countries who chose to be indifferent when the Holocaust took place. He defines indifference as neutral between two sides, which, in this case, is the same as ignoring the Holocaust victims. Throughout the speech, he expressed the view that little attention, whether positive or negative, is better than no attention at all.
In 2003 he discovered and publicized the fact that at least 280,000 Romanian and Ukrainian Jews, along with other groups, were slaughtered in Romanian-run death camps.
In 2005, he gave a speech at the opening ceremony of the new Holocaus Museum of History where he said:
"I know what people say - it's very easy." Those who are there will not agree with that statement, the statement is: it is humanity's inhumanity towards man.NO It is human humanity against the Jews! The Jews are not murdered because they are human, in the eyes of the murderers they are not human, they are Jews! "
In early 2006 Wiesel accompanied Oprah Winfrey when she visited Auschwitz, a visit aired as part of The Oprah Winfrey Show. On November 30, 2006, Wiesel received a knighthood in London in recognition of his work towards the improvement of Holocaust education in England.
In September 2006 he appeared before the UN Security Council with actor George Clooney to call attention to the humanitarian crisis in Darfur. When Wiesel died, Clooney wrote, "We have a champion who carries our pain, guilt, and responsibility on his shoulders for generations."
In 2007, Wiesel was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from Peace Literary's Lifetime. That same year, the Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Foundation issued a letter condemning the denial of the Armenian genocide, a letter signed by 53 Nobel Prize winners including Wiesel. Wiesel has repeatedly mentioned the 90-year-old Turkish campaign to play down his actions during the Armenian genocide of multiple murders.
In 2009, Wiesel criticized the Vatican for raising the excommunication of controversial bishop Richard Williamson, a member of the Society of Saint Pius X.
In June 2009, Wiesel accompanied US President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel as they toured Buchenwald. Wiesel is an advisor at the Gatestone Institute. In 2010, Wiesel received a five-year appointment as Distinguished Distinguished Partner at Chapman University in Orange County, California. In that role, he makes a one-week visit to Chapman every year to meet with students and offer his perspective on subjects ranging from Holocaust history to religion, language, literature, law and music.
In July 2009, Wiesel announced its support to the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka. He said that "Wherever a minority is persecuted, we must vote to protest... the Tamils ​​are deprived of their rights and victimized by the Sri Lankan authorities.These must be allowed to live in peace and thrive in their homeland. "
In 2009, Wiesel returned to Hungary for his first visit since the Holocaust. During this visit, Wiesel participated in a conference at the House of Representatives of the House of Representatives of Hungary, met Prime Minister Gordon Bajnai and President LÃÆ'¡szlÃÆ'³ SÃÆ'³lyom, and addressed about 10,000 participants of the anti-racist meeting held at Faith Hall. However, in 2012, he protested "whitewash" Hungarian involvement in the Holocaust, and he handed the Great Cross award he received from the Hungarian government.
Wiesel is active in efforts to prevent Iran from making nuclear weapons, stating that "the words and actions of the Iranian leadership are undoubtedly due to their intentions." He also condemned Hamas for "using children as human shields" during the Gaza-Israel conflict in 2014 by advertising in several major newspapers. The Times refused to run ads, saying "opinions expressed are too strong and too pushy to create and will cause concern among a large number of readers Times ."
Wiesel often stressed the Jewish connection to Jerusalem, and has criticized the Obama administration for pressuring Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to halt the building of settlements of East Jerusalem Jerusalem. He states that "Jerusalem is above politics, it is mentioned more than six hundred times in the Bible - and not once in the Qur'an.... It belongs to the Jews and is much more than a city..."
Teach
Wiesel is very fond of teaching and holds the position of Professor Andrew Mellon of the Humanities at Boston University since 1976, where he teaches in both religion and philosophy departments. He became a close friend of the president and adviser John Silber. The University created the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in his honor. From 1972 to 1976, Wiesel was a respected Professor at City University of New York and a member of the American Teachers Federation.
In 1982 he served as the first Luce Visit Scholar in Humanities and Social Thought at Yale University. He also teaches Winter Term (January) courses at Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida. From 1997 to 1999 he was Ingeborg Rennert, visiting Professor of Judaic Studies at Barnard College of Columbia University.
Personal life
In 1969 he married Marion Erster Rose, who came from Austria and also translated many of his books. They had one son, Shlomo Elisha Wiesel, named after Wiesel's father. The family lives in Greenwich, Connecticut.
Wiesel was attacked at the San Francisco hotel by Denill Hunt's 22-year Holocaust Eric Hunt in February 2007, but was unharmed. Hunt was arrested the following month and accused of several offenses.
In February 2012, a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints performed a posthumous baptism for Simon Wiesenthal's parents without proper permission. After his own name was put forward for the baptismal proxy, Wiesel spoke against the illegitimate practices of the Jews who were baptized posthumously and asked the presidential candidate and Latter-day Saint Mitt Romney to denounce him. The Romney campaign refused to comment, directing such questions to church officials.
Death
Wiesel died on the morning of July 2, 2016 at his home in Manhattan, aged 87 years.
Utah Senator Orrin Hatch paid tribute to Wiesel in his speech on the Senate floor the following week, where he said that "With Elie's death we have lost a humanity and hopeful lighthouse, we have lost a human rights hero and a famous Holocaust literature. "
Awards and honors
- Prix de l'Università © à © de la Langue FranÃÆ'§aise (Prix Rivarol) for The Town Beyond the Wall , 1963.
- National Jewish Book Council Award for The Town Beyond the Wall , 1963.
- Ingram Merrill Award, 1964.
- Prix MÃÆ' Â © dicis for Beggar in Jerusalem , 1968.
- Jewish Heritage Award, Haifa University, 1975.
- Holocaust Memorial Award, New York Society of Clinical Psychologists, 1975.
- S.Y. Agnon Medal, 1980.
- Jabotinsky Medal, State of Israel, 1980.
- Prix Livre Inter, France, for The Testament , 1980.
- Grand Prize in Literature from the City of Paris for Fifth Child , 1983.
- Commander in the French Honorary Legion, 1984.
- US. Congressional Gold Medal, 1984.
- Four Freedom Awards for Freedom of Worship, 1985.
- Medal of Liberty, 1986.
- Nobel Peace Prize, 1986.
- Supreme Officer in the French Honorary Legion, 1990.
- Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1992
- Niebuhr Medal, Elmhurst College, Illinois, 1995.
- Grand Cross in the French Honorary Legion, 2000.
- The Romanian Star sequence, 2002.
- Man of the Year Award, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2005.
- Light of Truth Award, International Campaign for Tibet, 2005.
- Honorary Justice, United Kingdom, 2006.
- Honorary Honorary Professor of Humanities, Rochester College, 2008.
- National Humanities Medal, 2009.
- Norman Mailer Prize, Lifetime Achievement, 2011.
- Loebenberg Humanitarian Award, Florida Holocaust Museum, 2012.
- Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement, 2012
- Nadav Award, 2012.
- S. Roger Horchow Award for the Greatest Public Service by Private Citizens, an award given annually by Jefferson Awards, 2013.
- John Jay Medal for Justice John Jay College, 2014.
Honors
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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