The Boston history plays a central role in American history. In 1630, the Puritan colonies of England established Boston and helped him become what it is today. Boston quickly became the center of politics, commercial, finance, religion and education in the New England region. The American Revolution erupted in Boston, when England retaliated to the Boston Tea Party and the patriots fought back. They besieged England in the city, with the famous battle at Bunker Hill in Charlestown on 17 June 1775 (lost by the colonists, but inflicted great damage on England) and won the Siege of Boston, forcing the British to flee the city on 17 March 1776. However, the American and British blockade of towns and ports during the conflict had damaged the economy, and the population fell two-thirds in the 1770s.
The city recovered after 1800, rebuilding its role as a transportation hub for the New England region with rail networks, and even more importantly, the nation's intellectual, educational and medical center. Together with New York, Boston was the financial center of the United States in the 19th century, and of great importance in national railway funding. In the era of the Civil War, it was the basis for many anti-slavery activities. In the 19th century the city was dominated by the elite known as the Boston Brahmin. They face the political challenges coming from Catholic immigrants. Irish Catholics, typed by the Kennedy Family, took over the city's political control in 1900.
The region's industrial foundations, financed by Boston, peaked around 1950; after which thousands of textile factories and other factories were closed and the city declined. In the 21st century the city economy has recovered and is centered on education, medicine, and high technology - especially biotechnology, while many of the surrounding towns become suburban settlements.
Video History of Boston
The prehistoric era
The Shawmut Peninsula was originally connected to the mainland to the south with a narrow precarious land, the Boston Neck, and surrounded by Boston Harbor and Back Bay, the mouth of the Charles River. Some of the original prehistoric American archaeological sites, including Fishweir Road Boylston, unearthed during the construction of buildings and subway in the city, have shown that the peninsula was inhabited as early as 7,500 years before Now.
Maps History of Boston
Establishment
In 1629, the Treaty of Cambridge was signed in England among the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The treaty establishes the colony as a self-governing entity, only responsible to the king. John Winthrop is the leader, and will be governor of the settlements of the New World. In a famous sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity," Winthrop describes the new colony as "The City on the Hill".
The Plymouth Colonies compete, founded in 1620, joined the Massachusetts Colonies in 1691.
In June 1630, the Winthrop Fleet arrived at a place called Salem, which, due to lack of food, "did not please them." They proceed to Charlestown, which makes them less happy, due to the lack of fresh water. The Puritans settled around the springs in the place to be Boston, gaining ground from the first British settler, William Blaxton.
Trimountaine is the name given by 1630 settlers to the peninsula that will later be included as the City of Boston. The name comes from a set of three prominent hills on the peninsula, two of which are flattened as modernized cities. The middle, Beacon Hill, abbreviated between 1807 and 1824, remains to this day as a prominent feature of the Boston city landscape. Tremont Street still carries an alternative form of its original name. The two smaller peaks are Cotton Hill (named after John Cotton, but then Pemberton Hill, in what is now Pemberton Square) and Mt. Crime (or Mount Vernon, formerly at the site of the modern Louisburg Square).
The Governor of Winthrop announced the founding of the city of Boston on September 7, 1630 (Old Style), with a place named after the city of Boston, in the English county of Lincolnshire, from which several prominent colonies emigrated. The name also comes from Saint Botolph, who is the patron saint of tourists.
The colonial era
The early colonists believed that Boston was a community with a special covenant with God, as captured in Winthrop's "City upon a Hill metaphor. This affects every facet of Boston's life, and makes it important that the colonists organize morality and establish marriage, church attendance, education in the Word of God, and the persecution of sinners. One of the first schools in America, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first American college, Harvard College (1636), was established shortly after the European settlement in Boston.
City officials in colonial Boston are elected every year; positions including selectman, master assay, culler of staves, fence viewer, hayward, hogreeve, board gauge, pounder, leather sealer, magician, brick viewer, water bucket, and woodcorder.
The Boston puritan seemed suspicious of unorthodox religious ideas, and people who were exiled or alienated. During the Antinomy Controversy of 1636 to 1638 the religious dissident leader Anne Hutchinson and the Puritan priest, John Wheelwright, both were banished from the colony. The Baptist priest Obadiah Holmes was jailed and publicly flogged in 1651 because his religion and Henry Dunster, the first president of the Harvard College during the 1640s 50s, were persecuted for supporting Baptist beliefs. In 1679, the Boston Baptists were brave enough to open their own meetinghouse, which was soon sealed by colonial rulers. Expansion and innovation in practice and worship mark the beginning of Baptism despite restrictions on their religious freedom. On June 1, 1660, Mary Dyer was hanged in Boston Common for repeatedly defying the law prohibiting Quaker from being in the colony.
The Boston Post road connects the city to New York and the big settlements in Central and Western Massachusetts. The bottom route ran close to US 1 today through Providence, Rhode Island. The upper route, laid out in 1673, was left through the Boston Neck and follows the present 20 US Route up to about Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. It continues through Worcester, Springfield, and New Haven, Connecticut.
From 1686 to 1689, Massachusetts and its surrounding colonies united. This larger province, known as the Dominion of New England, was ruled by Sir Edmund Andros, a man appointed from King James II. Andros, who supported the Church of England in most Puritan cities, grew increasingly unpopular. On April 18, 1689, he was overthrown for a short rebellion. Dominions are not rebuilt.
Disaster in the 1700s
A series of six deadly smallpox infections occurred from 1636 to 1698. In 1721-22, the most severe epidemic occurred, killing 844 people. Of the 10,500, 5889 infected, 844 (14%) died, and at least 900 left the city, spreading the virus. The colonists tried to prevent the spread of smallpox by isolation. For the first time American inoculation was tried; it causes a mild form of the disease. Inoculation itself is highly controversial because of the threat that the procedure itself can be fatal to 2% of those treated, or spread the disease. It was introduced by Zabdiel Boylston and Cotton Mather.
In 1755, Boston experienced the largest earthquake ever to hit the Northeastern United States (estimated at 6.0 to 6.3 on the Richter scale), called the Cape Ann earthquake. There was some damage to the building, but no casualties.
The first "Big Fires" in Boston destroyed 349 buildings on March 20, 1760. It was one of the many significant fires carried out by the Boston Fire Department. Boston and the American Revolution, 1765-1775 Boston and the American Revolution, 1765-1775
Boston has taken an active role in protesting against the Stamp Act of 1765. Its traders avoided the tariffs that angered London officials and caused a crackdown on smuggling. Governor Thomas Pownall (1757 to 1760) tried to be peaceful, but his successor, Governor Francis Bernard (1760-69) was a hardliner who wanted to root out the louder and louder opposition voices in town meetings and pamphlets. Historian Pauline Maier says that his letter to London greatly influenced the officials there, but they were "distorted" by reality. "His misguided belief that the" faction "has advocated violence as the main method of opposition, for example, makes it not recognize radical peace-keeping efforts.... As dangerous, Bernard's complicated accounts are sometimes built on evidence that is not substantial. "Warden argues that Bernard is careful not to explicitly ask for the London troops, but his exaggerated report says that they are needed. In the fall of 1767 he warned about the possibility of a daily uprising in Boston, and an exaggerated account of a disturbance in 1768, "of course giving Lord Hillsboro the impression that troops are the only way to enforce compliance in the city." The Warden noted that another key English official in Boston wrote London with "the same strain of hysteria." Four thousand British troops arrived in Boston in October 1768 as a show of great power; tension increases.
In the late 1760s Americans focused on their rights as British, especially the "No Taxation without Representation," as articulated by John Rowe, James Otis, Samuel Adams, and other Boston officials. Boston played a major role in sparking the next American Revolution and American Revolutionary War. The Boston massacre came on March 5, 1770, when British troops opened fire on unarmed demonstrators outside the British customs house, resulting in the death of five civilians and dramatically increased tensions. Parliament, meanwhile, insists on its right to tax Americans and ultimately comes up with a small tax on tea. Up and down 13 colonies, Americans prevent traders from selling tea, but delivery arrives in Boston Harbor. On December 16, 1773, the local 30-60 Sons of Liberty, posing as a Native American, dumped 342 tea chests in the harbor at the Boston Tea Party. The Sons of Liberty decided to take action against new UK taxes on tea, but the British government retaliated with a string of harsh laws, closing the Port of Boston and stripping Massachusetts of self rule. The other colonies were united in solidarity behind Massachusetts, setting up the First Continental Congress, arming and training militia units. England sent more troops to Boston, and made its commander General Thomas Gage as governor. Gage believes that the Patriots are hiding ammunition in the town of Concord, and he sends troops to arrest them. Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Dr. Samuel Prescott made their famous midnight rides reminiscent of Minutemen in the surrounding towns, which fought the Battle of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. This was the first battle of the American Revolution.
Militia units in New England gathered to defend Boston, and Congress sent General George Washington to take command. The British were trapped in the city, and suffered heavy losses in their victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Washington brings artillery and forces Britain out because the patriots are in complete control of Boston. The American victory on 17 March 1776, commemorated as Evacuation Day. The city has preserved and celebrated its revolutionary past, from saving the USS the Constitution to many well-known sites along the Freedom Trail.
19th century
Economic growth and population
Boston changed from a relatively small and economically stagnant city in 1780 to a bustling harbor and cosmopolitan center with a large and very mobile population in 1800. It has become one of the world's richest international trading ports, exporting products such as rum, fish, salt and tobacco. The upheaval of the American Revolution, and the British marine blockade that shut down its economy, has caused the majority of the population to flee the city. From a base of 10,000 in 1780, the population approached 25,000 in 1800. The abolition of slavery in the state in 1783 gave the blacks greater physical mobility, but their social mobility was slow.
Boston is part of the corner of the New England triangle trade, receiving sugar from the Caribbean and refining it into rum and molasses, partly for export to Europe. Later, the confectionery manufacturing will be another processed product made from the same raw material. Companies associated with facilities in Boston include Boston Sugar Refinery, Domino Sugar, Purity Distilling Company, Necco, Schrafft's, Squirrel Brands (as a precursor to Austin T. Merrill Company of Roxbury) American Nut and Chocolate (1927)) This heritage continued into the 20th century; in 1950, there were 140 candy companies in Boston. (Others were in and some moved to nearby Cambridge.) The Boston Fruit Company began importing tropical fruits from the Caribbean in 1885; this is the predecessor of United Fruit Company and Chiquita Brands International.
Boston has city status; The city was hired as a city in 1822. The second mayor is Josiah Quincy III, who is doing infrastructure repairs on the streets and gullies, and arranges the city dock area around the newly established Faneuil Hall Marketplace, known as the Quincy Market. In the mid-19th century Boston was one of the largest manufacturing centers in the country, known for its garment products, leather goods, and machinery. Manufacturing takes over international trade to dominate the local economy. Small river network adjacent to the city and connect it with the surrounding area to facilitate shipment of goods and allow proliferation of factories and factories. The Middlesex Canal Development extends this small river network to the larger Merrimack River and its factory, including the Lowell plant and factory on the Nashua River in New Hampshire. In the 1850s, a more densely packed rail network ( see also List of railways in Massachusetts ) facilitated the industry and commerce of the region. For example, in 1851, Eben Jordan and Benjamin L. Marsh opened the Jordan Marsh Department store in downtown Boston. Thirty years later, William Filene opened his department store across the street, called Filene's.
Several turns are built between cities to help transport, especially cattle and sheep to market. The main east-west route, Worcester Turnpike (now Massachusetts Route 9), was built in 1810. Others include the Newburyport Turnpike (now Route 1) and Salem Lawrence Turnpike (now Route 114).
Brahmin elite
Boston's "Brahmin elite" developed a certain semi-aristocratic value system in the 1840s - cultivated, polite, and dignified, the ideal Brahmin is the essence of an enlightened aristocracy. He is not only wealthy, but also shows his personal good and matching character. The term was coined in 1861 by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Brahmans have high hopes for meeting: to foster art, support charities such as hospitals and colleges, and take on the role of community leaders. Although the ideals call for it to address common business values, in practice many find the vibrations of economic success quite interesting. The Brahmins warn each other against "greed" and emphasize "personal responsibility." Scandals and divorces are unacceptable. The total system is sustained by the large family ties existing in the Boston community. Young men attend the same prep school and academy, and have their own way of speaking. The heirs marry the heirs. Families not only serve as economic assets, but also as a tool of moral control. Most come from Unitarian or Episcopal churches, although some of them are Congregationalist or Methodist. Politically, they are Federalist, Whig, and Republican respectively.
A poem about Boston, which is attributed to various people, describes the city as follows: "And this is for a good old Boston/Groundnut and cod/Where Lowells just talks to Cabots/Cabots just talking to God." While wealthy colonial families such as Lowel and Cabot (often called Boston Brahmins) ruled the city, the 1840s brought a wave of new immigrants from Europe. This includes a large number of Irish and Italians, giving the city a large Roman Catholic population.
Abolitionist
In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison founded the The Liberator , an abolitionist bulletin, in Boston. It advocated "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves" in the United States, and established Boston as the center of the abolitionist movement. After the passing of the Fugitive Massacre Act of 1850, Boston became the bastion of abolitionist thought. The efforts of the slave catchers to capture the fugitive slaves often proved futile, including the famous case of Anthony Burns and Kevin McLaughlin. After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, Boston also became the center of efforts to send New British anti-slavery to settle in the Kansas Territory through the Massachusetts Emigrant Relief Company.
ireland
Early Irish settlers began to arrive in the early 18th century. Initially they were contract workers who came to work in Boston and New England for five to seven years, before gaining their independence. They are mostly individuals and families, and they are forced to hide their religious roots because Catholicism is forbidden in Bay Colony. Then in 1718, the Presbyterian congregation from Ulster in northern Ireland began arriving in Boston Harbor. They are referred to as Irish Ulster but are later referred to as Scottish-Irish because many of them have roots in Scotland. The Puritan leaders initially sent Ulster Irish to the outskirts of the Gulf Colony, where they settled places such as Belfast, Maine, Londonderry and Derry, New Hampshire, and Worcester, Massachusetts. But in 1729 they were allowed to set up a church in downtown Boston.
Throughout the 19th century, Boston became a haven for Irish Catholic immigrants, especially after the potato famine of 1845-49. Their arrival transformed Boston from a single city, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant into a city that progressively became more diverse. The Yankees employ Irishmen as workers and helpers, but there is little social interaction. In the 1850s, anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant movements were directed against Ireland, called the Know-It-Nothing Party. But in the 1860s, many Irish immigrants joined the Union line to fight in the American Civil War, and the look of patriotism and courage began to soften the hard sentiment of the Yankees about Ireland.
Even to this day, Boston still leads the largest percentage of people of Irish descent in any city in the United States. With a widespread population, group loyalty, and bloc by political organizations, Ireland takes the city's political control, leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business, and higher education. Irish people leave their mark in the area in a number of ways: in very Irish environments like Charlestown and South Boston; on behalf of the local basketball team, Boston Celtics; in the dominant Irish-American political family, the Kennedys family; in a large number of prominent local politicians, such as James Michael Curley; in the establishment of Catholic Boston College as a competitor to Harvard; and lower world figures such as James "Whitey" Bulger.
The Great Fire of 1872
The Great Fire of 1872 began at the corner of Summer Street and Kingston Street on November 9th. Within two days, the fire destroyed about 65 acres (260,000 mÃ, 2) of the city, including 776 buildings in the financial district, for a total of $ 60 million in damages..
High culture
From the mid to late 19th century, the Boston Brahmins developed culturally - they became famous for their clarified literary culture and fancy patronage of art. The literary population includes, among many others, writers Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., James Russell Lowell, and Julia Ward Howe, and historians John Lothrop Motley, John Gorham Palfrey, George Bancroft, William Hickling Prescott, Francis Parkman, Henry Adams, James Ford Rhodes, Edward Channing, and Samuel Eliot Morison. There are also theologians and philosophers such as William Ellery Channing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mary Baker Eddy. When Bret Harte visited Howells, he said that in Boston "it is impossible to fire a revolver without dropping the author of two working volumes." Boston has many major publishers and magazines, such as The Atlantic Monthly (founded 1857) and publishers Little, Brown and Company, Houghton Mifflin, and Harvard University Press.
Higher education is becoming increasingly important, especially at Harvard (based across the river at Cambridge), but also in other institutions. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) opened in the city in 1865. The first medical school for women, Boston Women's Medical School (later joined Boston University School of Medicine), opened in Boston on November 1, 1848. Jesuits opened Boston College at 1863; Emerson College opened in 1880, and Simmons College for women in 1899.
The Brahmins are the main authors and audiences of a high culture, though a minority. The growing Irish, Jewish, and Italian culture has had little impact on the elite.
To please a different audience, the first vaudeville theater opened on February 28, 1883, in Boston. The latter, Old Howard at Scollay Square, which had evolved from opera to vaudeville into the burlesque, was closed in 1953.
The Boston Natural History Museum (founded in 1830 and renamed the New England Natural History Museum in 1864, and the Boston Museum of Science in the mid-twentieth century), is run by the Boston Society of Natural History. It functions the functions of public and professional education in natural history, including marine life, geology and mineralogy. Around the end of the 19th century scientific libraries and children's rooms were added. In addition, the private Warren Museum of Natural History in Boston operated from 1858-1906. It was acquired by the American Museum of Natural History in New York City in 1906.
Transportation
As the population increases, the tram line in Boston facilitates the creation of suburban streets. Middle-class employers, office workers and professionals live in the suburbs and return to the city by subway. Congestion in the city center worsened, prompting the opening of the first subway in North America on September 1, 1897, Tremont Street Subway. Between 1897 and 1912, the subway was built in Cambridge and East Boston, and the overpass and underground lines extended to other neighborhoods from downtown. Currently, regional passenger and bus train networks have been consolidated to the Massachusetts Bay Transport Authority. Two union stations, the North Station and the South Station were built to consolidate the railway terminal in the city center.
Sensor
From the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, the phrase "Banned in Boston" was used to describe a literary, film, or game that is prohibited from distribution or exhibition. During this time, Boston city officials made the decision to "ban" anything that they deemed obscene, immoral, or offensive: theatrical performances were out of town, books confiscated, and moving pictures blocked - sometimes stopped in the middle of the show after an official had "quite seen". The phrase "forbidden in Boston" came to suggest something sexy and spooky; some distributors advertise that their products have been banned in Boston, when in fact they are not.
20th century
Initial decade
In 1900 Julia Harrington Duff (1850-1932) became the first woman of the Irish Catholic community to be elected to the Boston School Committee. Extending his role as teacher and mother he became an ethnic spokesman as he faced the Yankee Protestant forces of the Public School Association. He works to replace the 37-year-old textbook, to protect local Boston women's claims for career opportunities in the school system, and to apply for teacher degrees. In 1905, 25 committee members were reduced to five, which prevented women from participating directly in school policy.
Around the beginning of the 20th century, trapped in a car revolution, Boston was home to the Porter Motor Company, headquartered in the Tremont Building, 73 Tremont Street.
On January 15, 1919, the Great Flood of Molasses took place in the North End. Twenty-one people were killed and 150 wounded because of the massive wave of molasses, which rushed through the streets around 35 miles per hour (56 km/h), crushed and suffocated many from the dead to the death. It took more than six months to remove molasses from cobbled streets, theaters, businesses, cars, and homes. Boston Harbor is brown until summer.
During the summer of 1919, more than 1,100 members of the Boston Police Department broke down. Boston fell victim to some unrest because there are minimal legal officers to maintain order in the city. Calvin Coolidge, then a Massachusetts governor, garnered national fame to quell the violence by virtually completely replacing the police force. 1919 The Boston Police Strike will ultimately set a precedent for police formation throughout the country.
On August 23, 1927, an Italian anarchist, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were sent to the electric chair after seven years in Boston. Their executions sparked riots in London, Paris and Germany, and helped reinforce Boston's image as a hive of intolerance and discipline.
Medieval transport and urban renewal
I-695 Inner Belt shown on this map was never created. I-95 is shown here approaching the urban core of the southwest, but never built outside the outer circle shown on this map (built as Route 128 and I-95 then diverted).
In 1934, the Sumner Tunnel created the first direct road connection under Boston Harbor, between North End and East Boston.
In May 1938, the first public housing project, Old Harbor Village opened in South Boston.
In 1950, Boston slumped. Several large buildings are being built anywhere in the city. The factories are closed and move their operations to the south, where labor is cheaper. Boston's assets - banks, hospitals, universities, and excellent technical knowledge - are a minimal part of the US economy. To counteract this decline, Boston politicians endorsed urban renewal policies, which resulted in the destruction of several neighborhoods, including the New York Streets district on the South End, the old West End, mostly Jewish and Italian environments, and Scollay Square. Where they went to new headquarters for the Boston Herald, Charles River Park apartment complex, additional to Massachusetts General Hospital, and Government Center. These projects displaced thousands of people, closed hundreds of businesses, and triggered angry reactions, which in turn ensured the survival of many historic environments.
In 1948, William F. Callahan had published the Grand Highway Plan for the Boston Metropolitan. Most of the financial districts, Chinatown, and the North End were destroyed for development. In 1956, the northern part of the Central Artery was built, but strong local opposition resulted in the southern part of the city center being built underground. The Dewey Square tunnel is connected to the city center to the Southeast Expressway. In 1961, Tunnel Callahan opened, paralleling the older Sumner Tunnel.
In 1965, the first Massachusetts Turnpike Extension was completed from Route 128 to nearby South Station. The proposed Belt in Boston, Cambridge, Brookline, and Somerville were canceled due to public outrage. In 1971, a public protest canceled the I-95 routing into downtown Boston. The demolition has started along the Southwest Corridor, which is used to redirect the Orange Line and Amtrak's Northeast Corridor.
World War II and later
On November 28, 1942, Cocoanut Grove nightclub in Boston was the site of the Cocoanut Grove fire, the deadliest nightclub fire in US history, killing 492 people and wounding hundreds more.
During the war years, anti-Semitism violence increased in Boston. The gang was largely composed of Irish Catholic youths who tarnished Jewish graves and synagogues, damaging Jewish shops and houses, and physically assaulting Jews on the streets. The Boston police force, made up mostly of Irish Catholics, rarely intervened.
In 1950, Brink's Great Brugging was done; at the time it was the largest bank robbery in the United States, with thieves stealing $ 2,775 million.
In 1953, the Columbia Point public housing project was completed on the Dorchester peninsula. There are 1,502 units under development at 50 acres (200,000 m 2 ) soil. In 1966, Columbia Point Health Center opened and was the first public health center in the country.
Between June 14, 1962, and January 4, 1964, thirteen single women between the ages of 19 and 85 were killed in Boston by the famous Boston Strangler. (The actual amount is still in dispute.)
In the 1970s, after years of economic downturn, Boston again blared. Financial institutions were given more latitude, more people started to play in the market, and Boston became a leader in the mutual fund industry. Health care is becoming more widespread and expensive, and hospitals like Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Higher education is also becoming more expensive, and universities such as Harvard, MIT, Boston College, BU and Tufts attract student hordes to the Boston area; many live and become permanent residents. MIT graduates, in particular, established many successful high-tech companies, which made Boston only for Silicon Valley as a high-tech center.
In 1974, the city faced a crisis when a federal district court judge, W. Arthur Garrity, ordered the removal of desegregation to integrate the city's public schools. Racially motivated violence erupts in some environments (many white parents reject the busing plan). Public schools - especially high schools - are a scene of violence and violence. Tensions continued throughout the mid-1970s, reinforcing Boston's reputation for discrimination. A famous photograph, The Soiling of Old Glory , was taken in front of Boston City Hall, visually depicting the conflict.
The Columbia Point housing complex deteriorated to just 350 families living there in 1988. In 1984, the city of Boston controlled the complex for private developer, Corcoran-Mullins-Jennison, which redeveloped and restored the vitality of the property into a mixed-income housing community called Harbor Point Apartments. This is a very significant example of revitalization and redevelopment and is the first federal housing project to be converted into private, mixed housing in the United States. Harbor Point has won many recognitions for this transformation, including awards from the Urban Land Institute, the FIABCI Award for International Excellence, and the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence. It was used as a model for the federal public housing program HUD HOPE VI which began in 1992.
On March 18, 1990, the greatest art theft in modern history took place in Boston. Twelve paintings, collectively valued at over $ 100 million, were stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum by two thieves disguised as police officers. The paintings were not found.
Big Dig and public transport in the 2000s
In 2007, the Central Artery/Tunnel project was completed. Nicknamed Big Dig, it was planned and approved in the 1980s under Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. With construction beginning in 1991, Big Dig moved the rest of the underground Central Arteries, expanding the north-south highway, and creating a local bypass to prevent east-west traffic from contributing to congestion. Tunnel Ted Williams became the third highway tunnel to East Boston and Logan International Airport as part of the project. Big Dig also produces Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge landmarks, and will create more than 70 acres (280,000 mÃ, 2, 2) public parks in the heart of the city. The project as a whole has reduced (but not eliminated) Boston's famous traffic jams; However, this is the most expensive construction project in the history of the United States and the most expensive construction project in the world.
The city also sees other transport projects, including the upgrading and expansion of its mass system, especially for the commuter train system to southeast Massachusetts and the development of a rapid bus transit (BRT) system dubbed the "Silver Line." Boston's maritime ports and Logan International Airport are also being developed.
21st century
Recently, Boston has experienced the loss of regional institutions and traditions, which once provided a very different social character, having become part of the northeast megalopolis. Examples include: earned Boston Globe by The New York Times ; the loss of a Boston-based publishing house (mentioned above); acquisition of Jordan Marsh's 19th century department store by Macy's; and the loss of mergers, failures, and acquisitions of leading financial institutions such as Shawmut Bank, BayBank, Bank of New England and Bank of Boston. In 2004, this trend continued when Charlotte-based Bank of America acquired FleetBoston Financial, and P & amp; G has announced plans to acquire Gillette.
Despite these losses, Boston's atmosphere remains unique among world cities and, in many ways, has increased in recent years - racial tensions have eased dramatically, city streets full of vitality not seen since the 1920s, and once again Boston has become the center of intellectual, technological, and political ideas. Nevertheless, the city must overcome the problem of gentrification and the rising cost of living. According to Money Magazine , Boston is one of the 100 most expensive cities in the world.
Boston is the host city of the 2004 Democratic National Convention. The city also found itself at the center of national attention in early 2004 during the controversy over same-sex marriage. After the Supreme Judicial Court ruled that such marriages could not be banned under the state constitution, adversaries and supporters of such marriages gathered at the Massachusetts State House as the state legislature voted for state constitutional amendments that would define marriage only between a man and a woman. Much attention is focused on the city and throughout Massachusetts when marriage licenses for same-sex couples are issued.
Also in 2004, the Boston Red Sox won their first World Series in 86 years, following it three years later with victories in 2007 and others in 2013.
On April 15, 2013, two bombs detonated during the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring hundreds of people.
On August 20, 2017, the top-level internet domain.boston (GeoTLD) officially began accepting registrations.
Geographic expansion
The city of Boston has evolved in two ways - through landfill and through annexation of neighboring municipalities.
Between 1630 and 1890, the city tripled its physical size with land reclamation, in particular by filling the mud and mudflats and by filling the gap between the docks along the waterfront, a process called Walter Muir Whitehill "cutting hills to fill the bay- cove. " The most intense reclamation effort occurred in the 19th century. Beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill a 50-hectare (20-hectare) grinding mill which later became the Bulfinch Triangle (just south of the North Station area today). The present State House stands on this short Beacon Hill. The reclamation project in the middle of the century created important parts of the area now known as the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After the Great Fire of Boston in 1872, the ruins of the building were used as garbage dumps along the shores of downtown.
The most dramatic reclamation project is charging Back Bay in the mid to late 19th century. Nearly six hundred acres (240 acres) of brackish Charles River to the west of Boston Common are filled with pebbles carried by trains from the hills of Needham Heights. Boston also grew up annexing nearby communities of East Boston, Roxbury, Dorchester, West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain and Roslindale), South Boston, Brighton, Allston, Hyde Park and Charlestown, some of which were also added to reclaimed landfills.
Several proposals to centralize the city government failed because of concerns about the loss of local control, corruption and immigration Ireland, including:
- 1896 - "County of Boston" proposal in the state legislature
- 1910 - Proposal "Real Boston" by Edward Filene to create a regional advisory board
- 1912 - Proposal "Greater Boston" by Daniel J. Kiley who will expand the City of Boston to include all 32 municipalities within 10 miles
- 1919 - Annexation proposal by Boston mayor Andrew Peters
The state government has decentralized some functions in East Massachusetts, including the Massachusetts Bay Transport Authority (public transport), the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (water and sewer), and the Metropolitan District Commission (parks, then folded into the State Conservation Department and Recreation).
Timeline of annexation, separation, and related developments (incomplete):
- 1705 - Dusun Sungai Muddy separated to be combined as Brookline
- 1804 - The first part of Dorchester with state legislative action
- 1851 - West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) is separated from Roxbury as an independent municipality.
- 1855 - The village of Washington, part of South Boston, with state law
- 1868 - Roxbury
- 1870 - The last part of Dorchester
- 1873 - the Brookline-Boston annexation debate of 1873 (Brookline is not annexed)
- 1874 - West Roxbury, including Jamaica Plain and Roslindale (approved by voters in 1873)
- 1874 - Brighton City (including Allston) (approved by voters in 1873)
- 1874 - Charlestown (approved by voters in 1873)
- 1912 - Hyde Park
- 1986 - Choosing to make Mandela from the Roxbury, Dorchester, and South End passages locally but failing across the city.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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