Human rights in China

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Human rights in China are highly debated topics, especially for fundamental human rights that are regularly reviewed by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, where the Government of the People's Republic of China and various foreign governments and rights human organization organizations often disagree. The PRC authorities, their supporters and other supporters claim that the enforcement policies and measures are sufficient to protect against human rights violations. However, other countries and their authorities (such as the US Department of State, Canada, among others), international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), such as Human Rights in China and Amnesty International, and citizens, lawyers and dissidents within the state, stating that the authorities in mainland China regularly sanction or regulate such violations. Jiang Tianyong, 46, is the latest lawyer known for defending government critics for imprisonment. According to reports over the past two years more than 200 have been detained in the ongoing suppression of criticism in China.

NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as foreign government agencies such as the US State Department, regularly present PRC evidence that violates the freedom of speech, movement, and religion of its citizens and others within its jurisdiction. The authorities in the PRC claim define human rights differently, thus incorporating economic and social as well as political rights, all in relation to the "national culture" and the rate of development of the country. The authorities in the PRC, referring to this definition, claim that human rights are being improved. However, they do not use the definitions used by most countries and organizations. The PRC politicians have repeatedly stated that, according to the PRC's Constitution, "The Four Principles of Cardinals" supersedes the right of citizenship. PRC officials interpret the virtues of the Four Principles of Cardinals as the legal basis for the arrest of people whom the government says seek to overthrow the principles. Chinese citizens who, according to the authorities, adhere to these principles, on the other hand, are authorized by the PRC authorities to enjoy and exercise all rights that come with PRC citizenship, provided they do not violate PRC law in any other way.

Many human rights groups have published human rights issues in China that they consider government to be mismanaged, including: capital punishment (death penalty), one-child policy (which has been made by China as an exception to ethnic minorities before abolishing it on year 2015). ), Tibetan political and legal status, and ignoring press freedom in mainland China. Other areas of concern include the lack of legal recognition of human rights and the lack of independent judiciary, the rule of law, and the legal process. Subsequent issues raised in relation to human rights include the lack of workers 'rights (especially the hukou system limiting migrant workers' freedom of movement), the absence of independent unions (which have since changed), and allegations of discrimination against rural and ethnic minority workers, and lack of religious freedom - human rights groups have highlighted the persecution of Christian groups, Tibetan Buddhists, Muslim Uyghurs and Falun Gong. Several groups of Chinese activists are seeking to expand this freedom, including Human Rights in China, China's Human Rights Defenders, and China's Human Rights Lawyers Observer Group. However, Chinese human rights lawyers who handle cases related to this issue often face harassment, neglect, and arrest. According to Amnesty International's report from 2016/2017, the government continues to draft and enact a new set of national security laws that pose a serious threat to the protection of human rights. The national crackdown on lawyers and human rights activists continues throughout the year. Human rights activists and human rights defenders continue to be systematically subject to monitoring, harassment, intimidation, arrest and detention. The report goes on to say that police are holding more and more human rights defenders outside of the official detention facility, sometimes without access to lawyers for long periods, exposing the detainees to the risk of torture and other ill-treatment. Missing booksellers, publishers, activists and journalists in neighboring countries in 2015 and 2016 appear in detention in China, causing concerns about Chinese law enforcement agencies acting outside of their jurisdiction.

Video Human rights in China

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Since the legal reforms of the late 1970s and 1980s, the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) has officially moved to embrace the language of the rule of law and to establish a modern court system. In the process, he has imposed thousands of new laws and regulations, and has begun training more law professionals. The concept of 'rule of law' has been emphasized in the constitution, and the ruling party has initiated a campaign to promote the idea that citizens have protection under the law. At the same time, however, fundamental contradictions exist in the constitution itself, in which the Communist Party insists that its authority supersedes that of the law. Thus, the constitution perpetuates the rule of law, but simultaneously emphasizes the principle that the 'leadership of the Communist Party' holds an edge over the law.

Courts are not independent of the Communist Party, and judges face political pressure; in many instances, private party committees dictate the outcome of the case. In this way, BPK effectively controls the judiciary through its influence. This influence has resulted in systems that are often described as 'rule by laws' (referring to the power of CPC), rather than the rule of law . In addition, the legal system has no protection for civil rights, and often fails to uphold the legal process.

Foreign experts estimate that in 2000, there were between 1.5 million and 4 million people in prisons in China. China does not allow outsiders to check the penal system.

Maps Human rights in China

Civil Liberties

Freedom of speech

Although the 1982 constitution guarantees freedom of speech, the Chinese government often uses "subversion of state power" and "state secret protection" clauses in their legal system to imprison those who are critical of the government.

During the 2008 Summer Olympics, the government promised to issue permits allowing people to protest at a special "protest park" in Beijing. However, most applications are withdrawn, suspended, or vetoed, and the police detain several people who apply.

References to certain controversial events and political movements, as well as access to web pages deemed by the PRC authorities to be "dangerous" or "threatening the security of the country", blocked on the internet in the PRC; and content that is debated by or critical of the PRC's authority does not exist in many publications, and is subject to CPC control in mainland China. The law in the People's Republic of China prohibits advocating the segregation of any part of the territory it claims from mainland China, or public challenge to the CPC's domination of the Chinese government. An unanctionction of protests during the Olympics by seven foreign activists at the Chinese National Museum, protesting against free Tibet and blocking entrances, cleared and protesters deported.

Foreign Internet search engines including Microsoft Bing, Yahoo !, and Google China have come under fire for helping these practices. Yahoo !, specifically, states that it will not protect the privacy and confidentiality of Chinese customers from the authorities.

In 2005, after Yahoo! China gave emails and personal IP addresses to the Chinese government, reporter Shi Tao was sentenced to ten years in jail for releasing internal Communist Party documents to Chinese democracy sites abroad. Skype President Josh Silverman says it is "common knowledge" that TOM Online has "established a procedure for... blocking instant messages containing certain words that are considered offensive by Chinese authorities".

Press freedom

Critics argue that the CPC has failed to fulfill its promises of freedom of mainland Chinese media. Freedom House consistently places China as 'Not Free' in annual press freedom surveys, including the 2014 report. PRC Journalist He Qinglian said that the PRC media is controlled by the direction of the Communist Party's propaganda department and is subjected to intense observers threatening punishment for offenders, not for pre-publication sensors. In 2008, ITV News reporter John Ray was arrested while covering the 'Free Tibet' protests. International media coverage of Tibetan protests just months before the 2008 Beijing Olympics sparked a strong reaction in China. Chinese media practitioners took the opportunity to argue with propaganda authorities for more media freedom: a journalist asked, 'If no Chinese journalist is allowed to report on the issue in Tibet, how can foreign journalists know the Chinese perspective on the event?' Foreign journalists also report that their access to certain websites, including human rights organizations, is restricted. President of the International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge stated at the end of the 2008 Olympics that the 'regulation [which regulates the freedom of foreign media during the Olympics] may not be perfect but they are sea changes compared to the previous situation. We hope that they will continue. The Foreign Correspondents Club of China (FCCC) issued a statement during the Olympics that 'despite welcoming progress in terms of accessibility and the number of press conferences in Olympic facilities, the FCCC has been concerned about the use of violence, intimidation and outside harassment. The club has confirmed more than 30 cases of reporting disruption since the official opening of the Olympic media center on July 25, and examined at least 20 other reported incidents. '

As the Chinese state continues to deploy a large amount of control over the media, public support for domestic reporting has been a surprise to many observers. Not much is known about the extent to which Chinese citizens believe the CPC's official statement, or about which media sources they deem credible and why. So far, research on media in China has focused on changing the relationship between the media and the country during the reform era. Nor is much known about how China's media environment changes have affected the government's ability to persuade media audiences. Research on political beliefs reveals that media exposure is positively correlated with support for government in some instances, and negative to others. This research has been cited as evidence that the Chinese public believe propaganda is transmitted to them through the news media, but also that they do not believe it. These contradictory results can be explained by realizing that ordinary citizens consider media sources to be believed to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the extent to which the media has undergone reform.

In 2012, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights urged the Chinese government to lift restrictions on media access to the region and allow independent and impartial monitors to visit and assess conditions in Tibet. The Chinese government does not change its position.

Internet Freedom

More than sixty Internet rules exist in China and serve to monitor and control internet publications. This policy is implemented by the provincial branch of Internet service providers, enterprises, and state-owned organizations. China's Internet control apparatus is considered wider and more advanced than in any other country in the world. The Golden Shield includes the ability to monitor online chat and mail services, identify the IP and all previous person's communications, and then can lock someone's location - because someone will usually use the computer at home or at work - which allows the capture to take place. Amnesty International notes that China "has the largest number of jailed journalists and cyber-dissidents in the world" and the Paris-based Reporters Without Borders stated in 2010 and 2012 that "China is the world's largest netizen prison".

As an example of censorship, in 2013, 24 years after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, an online search for the term 'Tiananmen Square' was still censored by Chinese authorities. According to Amnesty International's report that controls on the internet, mass media and academia are significantly strengthened. The suppression of religious activity beyond the control of the state directly increases.

Freedom of movement

The Communist Party came to power in the late 1940s and instituted a command economy. In 1958, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, created a decisive resident permit system in which people could work, and classified workers as rural or urban. In this system, an employee wishing to move from that country to an urban area to take a non-agricultural job must register through the relevant bureaucratic agencies. However, there is uncertainty about how strictly the system has been enforced. Persons working outside the area in which they are registered will not be eligible for wheat rations, housing provided by employers, or health care. There is control over education, employment, marriage and other spheres of life. One of the reasons mentioned for instituting this system is to prevent possible chaos caused by large-scale urbanization that can be predicted. As part of one country, the two system policies proposed by Deng Xiaoping and accepted by the British and Portuguese governments, the special administrative regions (SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau maintain separate border and immigration control policies with other parts of the PRC. Chinese nationals must obtain permission from the government before traveling to Hong Kong or Macau, but this requirement is officially abolished for each SAR after each handover. Since then, the restrictions imposed by the SAR government have been a limiting factor in the journey.

The Washington Times reported in 2000 that although migrant workers play a major role in spreading wealth in Chinese villages, they are treated 'like second-class citizens by a highly discriminatory system that has been equated with apartheid. 'Anita Chan also believes that Chinese household registration and temporary stay permit systems have created situations analogous to the South African savings system implemented to control the supply and cheap labor measures of the underprivileged ethnic groups, and to control the quality and number of workers like that. In 2000, the Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy alleged that the Han Chinese in Tibet had a much easier time obtaining the necessary permits to live in urban areas than the ethnic Tibetans.

The abolition of this policy has been proposed in 11 provinces, especially along the developed east coast. After a widely publicized incident in 2003, when a university-trained migrant died in Guangdong province, the law was amended to eliminate the possibility of arresting a summary for migrant workers. The Beijing lawyer who revealed the incident said it was the end of the hukou system: he believed that in most smaller cities, the system had been abandoned, and had 'almost lost its function' in the big cities. such as Beijing and Shanghai.

Treatment of rural workers

In November 2005, Jiang Wenran, managing director of the China Institute at the University of Alberta, said that the hukou system is one of the strictest apartheid structures enacted in the history of the modern world. He stated, 'The inhabitants of the city enjoy various social, economic and cultural benefits while peasants, the majority of the Chinese population, are treated as second-class citizens.'

The discrimination enforced by the hukou system became very burdensome in the 1980s after hundreds of millions of migrant workers were forced out of state enterprises, cooperatives and other institutions. Attempts by workers classified as rural to move to the city center are tightly controlled by the Chinese bureaucracy, imposing its control by denying access to essential goods and services such as wheat quota, housing, and health care, and by regularly closing private school migrant workers. The hukou system also enacts laws similar to those in South Africa. Rural workers need six entry permits to work in provinces other than themselves, and police raids regularly arrest those without permission, place them in detention centers, and deport them. It was also found that rural workers were paid under the minimum wage and nothing. A group of coal miners in Shuangyashan are paid little by little. With families and people they have to keep, each and every worker protests the money they deserve. As in South Africa, the restrictions placed on the mobility of migrant workers are widespread, and temporary workers are forced to live precariously in corporate dormitories or slum cities, suffering cruel consequences. Anita Chan further commented that China's household registration and temporary stay permit system has created a situation analogous to the South African bookkeeping system in apartheid, designed to regulate cheap labor supply.

The Chinese Ministry of Public Security has justified these practices on the grounds that they have assisted police in tracking criminals and maintaining public order, and providing demographic data for government planning and programs.

Freedom of association

China does not allow freedom of association in general; in particular, it does not allow the option of free membership with unions and political parties. Under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), articles 20 and 23, each worker is entitled to join their chosen association, for the benefit they are represented against their employer, and to take collective action including the right to strike. In China, on a model similar to Deutsche Arbeitsfront from 1934 to 1945 in Germany, the All-China Trade Union Federation has a monopoly over union activities: this is an effectively nationalized organization. This dynamic violates the International Labor Organization Convention No. 87 and 98 on freedom of association and collective bargaining. The ACFTU leadership is not freely chosen by its members, and is not independent of the state or entrepreneur.

BPK effectively monopolizes political activity in China. Therefore, there is no possibility of true electoral competition at any level of government, or within the Party itself. This violates article 21 of UDHR (1), which states, 'Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives'.

Religious freedom

During the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), especially during the Four Nations Destruction campaign, religious affairs of all kinds were persecuted and weakened by the government of Chairman Mao Zedong and his ideological allies. Many religious buildings were looted or destroyed. Since then, there have been efforts to improve, reconstruct and protect historical and cultural religious sites. In the International Religious Freedom Report for 2013, the US State Department criticized China as follows:

The government's respect and protection of the right to freedom of religion is very less than its international human rights commitments. (...) The government is harassed, detained, arrested, or sentenced by some religious adherents to activities reported in connection with their religious beliefs and practices. These activities include assembling for religious worship, expressing religious beliefs publicly and privately, and publishing religious texts. There are also reports of physical abuse and torture in custody.

The 1982 Constitution gives its citizens the right to believe in any religion, as well as the right to refrain from doing so:

People of the People's Republic of China enjoy religious freedom. No state organization, public organization or individual may force people to believe, or distrust, any religion; nor do they discriminate against believers, or disbelievers, any religion. The State protects normal religious activities. No one may use religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, undermine the health of citizens or disrupt the state education system. The body of religion and religious affairs are not subject to foreign domination.

Members of the Communist Party are officially required to be atheists, but these rules are not regularly enforced and many party members are personally engaged in religious activities.

Christianity

The Chinese government seeks to maintain strict control over all organized religions, including Christianity. The only legal Christian group, the Third Patriotic Movement and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association, are under the control of the Communist Party. Illegal underground Catholic church members loyal to the Pope and members of the Protestant house church face prosecution from the PRC authorities.

In 2007, the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association chose a Catholic bishop in Beijing to replace the deceased Fu Tieshan. The standard Catholic practice is for a bishop appointed by the Pope; The Catholic Church does not recognize the legitimacy of the bishops elected by the Association, but is not appointed by the Pope. According to Pope Benedict XVI, the Catholic Church is particularly seen in China as a foreign power. The situation is somewhat similar to the Catholic Church in Britain after the Reformation, where the official church is also controlled by the state.

In early January 2018, Chinese authorities in Shanxi province destroyed a church, which created a wave of fear among Christians.

Tibetan Buddhism

The Dalai Lama is a very influential figure in Tibetan Buddhism, who traditionally lives in Tibet. Due to the Chinese government's control of the Tibetan region, the Dalai Lama currently lives in Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, in the Republic of India. In a law enacted on August 3, 2007, the Chinese government declared that after September 1, 2007, "[no] living Buddhas [may be reincarnated] without government approval, since the Qing dynasty, when the living Buddha system was founded." The Panchen Lama appointed by the PRC Government is falsely labeled by those who consider the PRC's attempt to control an organized religion as contrary to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other ethical principles.

Examples of political controls taken against religion in 1998 include:

• the number of monk quota to reduce spiritual population
• the Dalai Lama's forced evictions as spiritual leaders
• expulsion of unauthorized monks from monastery
• forced recitation of patriotic scripts that support China
• limitation of religious lessons before the age of 18

The monk who celebrated the acceptance of the US Congressional Gold Medal by the Dalai Lama has been detained by the PRC. In November 2012, the United Nations Human Rights Commissioner urged China to deal with allegations of rights violations in Tibet; violations have caused an alarming escalation of the 'desperate' forms of protest in the region, including self-immolation. The Amnesty International report reports that the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region and in Tibetan populated areas.

Muslim Uyghur

Article 36 of the PRC's constitution provides constitutional protection for the citizen's freedom of religion and the state's official ethnic policy also reaffirms the protection of religious freedom of ethnic minorities, but in practice Uyghurs, especially those living in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, are subject to strict control of Islamic practice.

Examples of these restrictions now include:

• Official religious practices should be held in government-approved mosques
• The Uyghur ban under 18 entering the mosque, or praying at school
• The study of religious texts is only permitted in designated public schools
• Government informants regularly attend religious meetings in the mosque
• Hijabs and veils for women and beards for men are prohibited
• The use of traditional Islamic names is prohibited

Since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, the Chinese government has begun labeling violence in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region as terrorism, unlike in previous years. China's counter-terror laws now make an explicit relationship between religion and extremism and have led to regulations explicitly banning religious expression among Uighurs in particular.

Since Xi Jingping came to power, reports have surfaced that about one million Muslims (Chinese and some Central Asians) are held in 'reeducation camps' throughout Xinjiang without trial or access to lawyers. In these camps they are 're-educated' to deny their Islamic beliefs and habitats while praising the Communist Party. The camps have grown tremendously over the past year, with virtually no judicial proceedings or legal documents. Chinese officials quoted in state media say that these measures to combat separatism and Islamic extremism.

Falun Gong

After the period of Falun Gong's rapid growth in the 1990s, the Communist Party banned Falun Gong on July 20, 1999. An extra-constitutional body called the 6-10 Office was created to lead the persecution of Falun Gong. Authorities mobilized state media apparatus, judiciary, police, army, education system, family and workplace against the group. The campaign is driven by large-scale propaganda through television, newspapers, radio, and the internet. There are reports of systematic torture, illegal imprisonment, forced labor, organ harvesting and cruel psychiatric actions, with the clear intention of forcing practitioners to acknowledge their belief in Falun Gong.

Foreign observers estimate that hundreds of thousands and perhaps millions of Falun Gong practitioners have been detained in "re-education" camps, prisons and other detention facilities for refusing to leave spiritual practice. Former detainees have reported that Falun Gong practitioners consistently receive "the longest and worst punishment" in forced labor camps, and in some facilities Falun Gong practitioners form the majority of the majority of detainees. In 2009 at least 2,000 Falun Gong practitioners have been tortured to death in a campaign of persecution, with some observers putting a much higher amount.

Some international observers and judicial authorities described the campaign against Falun Gong as genocide. In 2009, trials in Spain and Argentina demanded senior Chinese officials for genocide and crimes against humanity for their role in regulating the persecution of Falun Gong.

Organ harvest

In 2006, it was alleged that vital organs of unacceptable Falun Gong practitioners had been used to supply the Chinese organ tourism industry. In 2008, two UN Special Rapporteurs reaffirmed their request for "the Chinese government to fully explain the allegations of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and organ sources for the sudden increase in organ transplants that have occurred in China since 2000".

Matas and Kilgour, and Gutmann has, among them, published three books stating organ harvesting in China. The Kilgour-Matas report states, "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six-year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and "we believe that has existed and continues to this day as a large-scale organ attack of unwilling Falun Gong practitioners." Ethan Gutmann, who interviewed more than 100 people as a witness, estimated that 65,000 Falun Gong prisoners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008.

Political freedom

The People's Republic of China is a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, but has not yet ratified it. By law, all citizens of the People's Republic of China who have attained the age of 18 have the right to vote and run for elections, regardless of race, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of place live, except for those who are deprived of their political rights under the law imposed by the CPC rules.

In Chinese Mao, BPK publicly presses all opposing political groups. This behavior is now reflected in the judicial system, and has evolved into the selective repression of small groups of people who openly challenge the power of BPK or the democratic dictatorship of the people. The most recent major movement that advocated political freedom was abolished through the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989, the estimated number of deaths ranging from 200 to 10,000 depending on the source. In November 1992, 192 Chinese political activists and supporters of democracy petitioned the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party to introduce political reform. One of the six demands is the ratification of the Covenant. In reaction to the petition, Chinese authorities arrested Zhao Changqing, a supporter of the petition, and still detained a number of activists for subversion.

One of the most famous dissidents is Zhang Zhixin, who is known for standing against the ultra-left.

In October 2008, the government criticized the European Parliament's decision to grant Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thinking to Hu Jia's political prisoners, maintaining that it was a 'dirty interference in China's domestic affairs' to award such a reward to a' jailed prisoner.. without ignoring the repeated representation of the [Chinese government] government. '

Although the Chinese government does not violate the privacy of its people as much or as blatantly as it once was, it is still considered necessary to keep track of what people are saying in public. Internet forums are closely monitored, as do international postal mail (which can sometimes be delayed, or just disappear) and e-mail.

Local officials are elected by election, and although non-Communist Party candidates are allowed to stand, those with disagreements can face arbitrary exclusion from voting, intervene with campaigns, and even detention.

Freedom House rates China as 6 (the second lowest possible rating) in political freedom. In 2011, the organization said about China's political leadership:

With sensitive leadership changes approaching 2012 and a popular uprising against authoritarian regimes across the Middle East, the ruling Chinese Communist Party showed no signs of loosening its grip in 2011. Despite minor legal improvements regarding death penalty and seizure of urban property. , the government stopped or even reversed previous reforms related to the rule of law, while the security forces used forms of extralegal repression. The growing public frustration over corruption and injustice triggered tens of thousands of protests and several major online criticism explosions during the year. The Party responded with more resources to internal security forces and intelligence agencies, engaging in the systematic disappearance of dozens of human rights lawyers and bloggers, and increasing control over online social media.

Movement of Independence

The independence movement in China is largely contained within the Inner Mongolia region, Tibet region, and the Xinjiang region. These areas contain people from minority ethnic and religious groups such as Uyghurs.

The Chinese government has had tense relations with these areas since the early 1910s, when the first president of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen, proposed a plan to move large numbers of Han from Southeast China to Northwest China in an attempt to assimilate ethnic minorities in the area. While Sun Yat-sen lost his political power before he could implement this plan, his syncentric and assimilation demeanor was adopted by future leader Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek endorsed an educational policy that encouraged cultural assimilation and discouraged self-determination until 1945, when Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist party became more lenient against various ethnic minorities. From this time until the founding of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong, ethnic minorities experienced great independence from the Chinese government, with Mongolia becoming an independent state and Xinjiang being named autonomous regions in 1955.

The freedom of Tibet, Mongolia and Xinjiang was severely constrained by the Communist Party in the 1950s under Mao Zedong, with the forced annexation of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang back to mainland China, which led to numerous protests and riots from ethnic and religious minorities. in an autonomous region. From this point onwards, there has been an ongoing outpouring of the separatist movement and independence from the Chinese autonomous region.

Today, the largest independence effort comes from the Muslim-Turkish population in Xinjiang, which shares a minimal cultural, linguistic or historical resemblance to the Han population in China. While the Chinese government under Deng Xiaoping promises certain benefits to the Xinjiang residents such as affirmative action at the university, greater freedom in China's one-child policy, and increased government subsidies to the region, the government also shrinks and limits Muslim-Turkish ethnic residents from free practice their religion, expressing their faith through head scarves, fasting, and facial hair, and building mosques freely. Furthermore, because of this advantage that the Chinese government gives to Xinjiang people, there are certain prejudices against them by many Han Chinese, as well as the widespread belief that governments unfairly provide preferential treatment to ethnic minorities in general.

One noteworthy event was the Feb 1997 riots in Yining, an area between Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, where 12 independence leaders were executed and 27 arrested and imprisoned. In addition, nearly 200 Uyghurs were killed and more than 2,000 arrested. Such unrest is supported by neighboring Turkish Muslim countries including Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in a pan-Turkish nationalism show. There were also recent unrest in 2008 in the Tibetan region such as Lhasa, as well as anti-Han pogroms "in ÃÆ'Ã…" rÃÆ'¼mqi, Xinjiang in 2009. In response to these unrest, the Chinese government has increased police presence in these areas and has tried controlling offshore reporting by intimidating journalists based overseas by holding their family members.

Political violence against psychiatry

The psychiatric political cruelty began in China in the 1950s, shortly after the formation of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and continued in different forms from that time until the late 1980s. Initially, under Mao Zedong, psychiatric practice in China saw a legitimate improvement in the breadth and quality of care. However, as time went on under Mao Zedong's direction and ideological reform campaigns were implemented, psychiatric diagnoses were used as a way to control and imprison Chinese citizens who did not embrace Maoist ideology such as Marxism-Leninism. The main demographic of the targeted Chinese and placed in the asylum are academics, intellectuals, students, and religious groups for their capitalist tendencies and bourgeois worldviews. The justification for placing people who do not adhere to Maoist principles in mental institutions is that non-Maoist political ideologies such as capitalism lead to extreme individualism and egoism, which contribute to mental disabilities such as schizophrenia and paranoid psychosis in individuals. The Maoists support this claim that anti-Communist beliefs lead to a mental imbalance with a positive correlation between the wealth and class of a group of people and the number of "mentally ill" people in the group.

The psychiatric political cruelty in China peaked around the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. During this time, Chinese counter-revolutionaries and political dissidents were placed in mental hospitals, where they were treated with psychotherapy (xinli zhiliao) that resembled a session of political indoctrination. During this time, statistics show that there are more political activists held in mental institutions than the number of rapists, murderers, burners, and people with other cruel mental disorders combined. Human rights activist Wei Jingsheng was among the first to speak of the misuse of psychiatry for political purposes in the winter of 1978; however, in response to his defense, he was imprisoned and subjected to beatings and beatings by the Chinese government.

After the end of the Cultural Revolution in the late 1970s, psychiatric abuse for political purposes continued to decline until the 1990s, when there was a resurgence in psychiatric psychiatric diagnosis of political dissidents and minority religious groups. During this new wave of Chinese forensic psychiatry, political dissidents and non-mainstream religious practitioners were sent to Ankang hospital (which means peace and health). These hospitals, built to accommodate criminal madmen, are managed by the Bureau no. 13 from the Ministry of Public Security of China. Ankang Hospital has been the subject of much oversight by activists and human rights organizations both inside and outside China, and reports indicate the inhuman treatment of patients in this hospital. Patients in this hospital are forced to work at least 7 hours a day and are subjected to torture including acupuncture with electric current, forced drug injections known to damage the central nervous system, and physical abuse with ropes and electric batons. In addition, a report by a Chinese surgeon at this hospital reported the use of psychosurgery in patients who were accidentally placed in this hospital to reduce "violent and impulsive behavior". One of the most targeted Chinese groups to be placed in the Ankang hospital is Falun Gong practitioners, who have what is called a "cult-triggered mental disorder" or "xiejiao suo zhi jingshen zheng'ai" by Chinese psychiatrists. More than 1000 practitioners have been imprisoned in mental hospitals in 23 provinces, cities and autonomous regions.

One of the most famous cases of politically motivated psychiatric diagnosis occurred in 1992, when Wang Wanxing was arrested for displaying pro-democracy banners on Tiananmen Square. After Wang's arrest, his wife signed a statement confirming his mental instability, as the police told him that it would ensure Wang's immediate release. However, Wang was instead stationed at Beijing's Ankang hospital, where he is still detained to this day.

The People's Republic of China is the only country currently abusing psychiatry for political purposes in a systematic way, and despite international condemnation, this harassment seems to continue until 2010. The political harassment of psychiatry in the People's Republic of China is very high on the agenda of the international psychiatric community , and has resulted in recurring disputes. The offenses there appear to be wider than in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s and involve the detention of petitioners, human rights workers, trade unionists, Falun Gong followers, and those who complain of injustice by local authorities.

In August 2002, the WPA General Assembly was held during the WPA World Congress in Yokohama. The problem of misuse of Chinese political psychiatry was placed on the agenda of the General Assembly, and a decision was made to send an investigative mission to China. This visit is projected for the spring of 2003, to ensure that representatives of the WPA can present reports during the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in May 2003, as well as at the annual meeting of the British Royal College of Psychiatrists in June and July of that year. The 2003 investigative mission never took place, and when the WPA made a visit to China, it was more of a scientific exchange. Meanwhile, the misuse of psychiatric politics continues.

Political prisoners

The Chinese government has a history of imprisoning citizens for political reasons. Article 73 The Criminal Procedure Code of China is adopted in 2012 and allows the authorities to detain persons for reasons of "state security" or "terrorism." In this case detainees may be detained for six months at "designated locations" such as secret prisons.

The number of political prisoners peaked during the Mao era and has declined since then. From 1953 to 1975, some 26 to 39 per cent of detainees were imprisoned for political reasons. In 1980, the percentage of detainees jailed for political reasons was only 13 per cent, and this figure declined to 0.5 per cent in 1989 and 0.46 per cent in 1997. 1997 was also the year when China's Criminal Procedure was amended to replace crime counter-revolutionaries with dangerous crimes. national security.

During the Mao era, a renowned labor camp located in northeastern Heilongjiang Province called Xingkaihu operated from 1955 to 1969. During this time, more than 20,000 inmates were forced to work on irrigation, infrastructure development and agricultural projects for the interim government subject to ideological reform; a significant percentage of these inmates were jailed for being counter-revolutionary and political dissidents. The conditions in Xingkaihu were so bad that many inmates eventually died of malnutrition and illness.

Recently, since the spring of 2008, the Chinese government has detained 831 Tibetans as political prisoners; Of the 831 detainees, 12 were sentenced to life imprisonment and 9 were sentenced to death.

Nobel Laureate Liu Xiabo was also imprisoned in 2009 after advocating for democratic reform and increased freedom of speech in Charter 08. He died in prison at the age of 61 years of end-stage liver cancer.

Other political prisoners include journalist Tan Zuoren, human rights activist Xu Zhiyong, and journalist Shi Tao. Tan Zuoren was arrested in 2010 and sentenced to five years in prison after openly talking about government corruption and poorly built school buildings that collapsed and caused the deaths of thousands of children during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Xu Zhiyong was sentenced to four years in prison in 2014 after obtaining the following significant social media and using it as a platform to express his sociopolitical opinions. Shi Tao was sentenced to 8 years after publishing a list of instructions that the Communist Party sent a journalist on how to report the 15th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.

Pro-democracy movement

Political activism and protest

Human rights activists such as Xie Xang fight for the rights of Chinese people by protesting, slandering the names of government in social media, and by filing lawsuits. Xang has commented on the punishment he received for protesting, claiming that he was interrogated when shackled to a metal chair, forced to sit in a stressful position for a prescribed time, and physically and mentally tortured. He also quotes his interrogators who claim he was told that "I can torture you to death and no one can help you."

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Single-child policy

The Chinese-born birth control policy, widely known as a one-child policy, was implemented in 1979 by government chairman Mao Zedong to alleviate the problem of overpopulation. Having more than one child is illegal and may be fined. This policy has begun to be removed, beginning in 2015. Voice of America cites critics who argue that the policy contributes to forced abortion, human rights abuses, female infanticide, neglect and sex selective abortion, believed to be relatively common in some areas this country. Sex abortion is considered to be a significant contribution to gender imbalances in mainland China, where there is a ratio of 118: 100 between men and women reported. Forced abortion and sterilization have also been reported.

It has also been argued that a one-child policy is not effective enough to justify its costs, and that external factors led to a dramatic decline in China's fertility rate to start even before 1979. The policy appears to have little impact on rural areas (home to about 80 % of the population), where birth rates never fall below 2.5 children per woman. However, the Chinese government and others estimate that at least 250 million births have been prevented by the policy.

The policy is generally not enforced in rural areas of the country even before this amendment. It's also relaxing in urban areas, allowing people to have two children.

Chinese state media reported on June 3, 2013 that the city of Wuhan is considering legislation to assist women who have children outside marriage, or with men married to other women. The fines are considered 'social compensation costs', and have been heavily criticized for potentially exacerbating the problems of abandoned children.

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Execution (death sentence/death penalty)

According to Amnesty International, during the 1990s more people were executed or sentenced to death in China than in other parts of the world put together.

The death penalty in mainland China is officially only given to serious and cruel criminal offenders, such as exacerbated killings, but China still has a number of non-violent death penalty violations such as drug trafficking. The People's Republic of China regulates the death penalty more formally than any other country, although other countries (such as Iran and Singapore) have a higher official execution rate. Reliable NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights in China have notified the public that the total number of executions, with unofficial executions included, greatly exceeds officially recorded executions; in 2009, the Dui Hua Foundation estimated that 5,000 people were executed in China - far more than all other countries combined. The exact number of executions is considered a state secret.

The Chinese authorities have recently taken steps to reduce the number of official crimes that can be put to death and limit how many they formally use the death penalty. In 2011, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress adopted amendments to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55. Later in the same year, the Supreme Court ordered lower courts to suspend the death penalty for two years and to 'ensure that only applies to minorities a very small number of criminals who commit very serious crimes. '

The death penalty is one of the Five Classical Punishments of the Chinese Dynasty. In Chinese philosophy, capital punishment is supported by the Legalists, but its application is upheld by Confucianism, who prefers rehabilitation of any punishment, including the death penalty. In Communist philosophy, Vladimir Lenin insisted on the imposition of the death penalty, while Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels claimed that the practice was feudal and a symbol of capitalist oppression. Chairman Mao of the Chinese Communist Party and his government maintained the position of capital punishment in the legal system, while advocating that it be used for a number of counter-revolutionaries. Market reformer Deng Xiaoping after he emphasized that the practice should not be abolished, and advocated its wider use of recidivists and corrupt officials. The leaders of the minority, non-communist China party have also advocated greater use of capital punishment. Both Deng and Mao viewed the death penalty as extraordinary popular support, and described the practice as a means to 'assuage the anger of the people'.

The death penalty has widespread support in China, especially for violent crime, and no group in government or civil society has verbally abolished it. A survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1995, for example, found that 95 percent of the Chinese population supports the death penalty, and this result is reflected in other studies. Polls conducted in 2007 in Beijing, Hunan and Guangdong found 58 percent more moderate in favor of the death penalty, and further found that the majority (63.8 percent) believed that the government should release statistics of execution to the public.

A total of 46 crimes can be put to death, including some white-collar crimes such as embezzlement and tax fraud. Methods of execution include lethal and firing injection. People's Armed Police conduct executions, usually at 10:00 am.

The death penalty in post-Maoist China can be politically or socially influenced. In 2003, a local court sentenced a triad community leader with a death sentence of two years probation. However, public opinion is that the sentence is too light. Under public pressure, the Chinese Supreme Court of Appeal took the case and reappointed the leader, who resulted in the death penalty, which was imminent.

Execution protocol

The execution protocol is defined in criminal procedure law, under section 212:

Before the court of the people executing the death penalty, it must inform the public prosecutor at the same level to send personnel to oversee the execution.

The death penalty will be executed by shooting or injecting.

The death penalty may be executed at the place of execution or in the designated place of detention.

The judicial officer directing the execution must verify the identity of the offender, ask whether he has the last word or letter, and then hand it over to the executioner to be sentenced to death. If, prior to the execution, it was found that there could be an error, the execution would be suspended and this issue should be reported to the Supreme People's Court for a decision.

The execution of the death penalty is announced to the public, but should not be held in public.

The present court attendant must, after the execution, make a written note on it. The People's Court which causes the death penalty to be executed must submit a report on execution to the Supreme People's Court.

The people's court that causes the death penalty is executed, after the execution, informs the family of the perpetrators of the crime.

In some areas of China, there is no special place of execution. The Scout team selects the previous place to serve as the place of execution. In such cases, the execution ground will usually have three perimeters: 50 deepest meters are the responsibility of the execution team; a radius of 200 meters from the center is the responsibility of the People's Armed Police; and a 2-kilometer standby line is the responsibility of the local police. Public is generally not allowed to view execution.

The role of the executioner was filled in the past by the People's Armed Police. Recently, the power of the police force (Chinese: span lang = "zh"> ?? ; pinyin: f? J? Ng ) assumes this role.

Since 1949, the most common method of execution was execution by firing squads. This method has largely been replaced by lethal injections, using the same three drug cocktails pioneered by the United States, which was introduced in 1996. However, the excavator car is unique to China. Deadly injections are more commonly used for 'economic crimes' such as corruption, while firing squads are used for more common crimes such as murder. In 2010, Chinese authorities moved to have lethal injections into the dominant form of execution; in some provinces and municipalities, it is now the only form of death penalty law. The Dui Hua Foundation noted that it is impossible to ascertain whether these guidelines are closely followed, as the method of implementation is rarely specified in the published reports.

Criticism

Human rights groups and foreign governments have criticized the use of capital punishment by China for various reasons, including its application for nonviolent violations, allegations of torture use to extract recognition, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the failure of governments to publish statistics on punishment die. However, as recognized by the Supreme Court of China and the United States Department of Foreign Affairs, the majority of death penalties are awarded for non-violent crimes that are considered serious in other countries.

The Coalition to Investigate the Persecution Falun Gong alleges that Chinese hospitals use executing organs executed for commercial transplants. Under Chinese law, condemned prisoners must give written consent to become organ donors, but because of this and other legal restrictions on organ donation, the international black market in the organs and corpses of China has grown. In 2009, Chinese authorities acknowledged that two-thirds of organ transplants in the country could be traced back to executed prisoners and announced a crackdown on the exercise.

Incorrect work

Estimates of more than 1000 people are executed each year in China. Much of this execution is due to a crime that is considered intolerable by Chinese society. There are some wrong cases held.

At least four people have been found guilty of being executed by the PRC courts.

Wei Qingan (Chinese: ???, circa 1951 - 1984) was a Chinese resident who was executed for the rape of Liu, a woman who had disappeared. The executions were carried out on 3 May 1984 by the Court of Appeal. The following month, Tian Yuxiu (???) was arrested and confessed to having committed rape. Three years later, Wei was officially declared innocent.

Teng Xingshan (Chinese: ???, Ã,? Ã, - 1989) is a Chinese resident executed for raping, robbing and killing Shi Xiaorong (???), a woman who has disappeared. An old man found a dismembered body, and the forensic police claimed to have matched the corpse with a missing photo of Shi Xiaorong. The execution was carried out on January 28, 1989 by the Huaihua Intermediate People's Court. In 1993, the missing woman returned to the village, saying that she had been kidnapped to Shandong. The absolute innocence of Teng who was executed was not accepted until 2005.

Nie Shubin (Chinese: ???, 1974Ã, - 1995) is a Chinese resident who was executed for the rape and murder of Kang Juhua (???), a woman in her thirties. The execution took place on 27 April 1995 by the Shijiazhuang People's Medium Court. In 2005, ten years after the execution, Wang Shujin (Chinese: ???) admitted to the police that he had committed the murder. Therefore, it has been shown that Nie Shubin has been innocent so far.

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Torture

Although China outlawed torture in 1996, human rights groups said brutality and general degradation occurred in China's arbitrary detention centers, Laojiao prisons and black jails. Persons imprisoned for their political views, human rights activities or religious beliefs are at high risk for torture. Strategies of torture in black jails include deprivation of sleep, food, and medicine. All of those strategies are really inhumane conditions. In certain cases, a woman named Huang Yan is jailed for her political views and includes drug seizures. He had diabetes and ovarian cancer that required him to take medicine to maintain order. Tests have shown that ovarian cancer has spread throughout his body. While the existence of a black prison is recognized by at least part of the government, the CPC firmly refuses to facilitate the operation of the prison and officially breaks into them, leading to at least one trial.

In May 2010, the PRC authorities formally passed new regulations in an attempt to eliminate evidence gathered through violence or intimidation in their official judicial procedures, and to reduce the level of torture given to prisoners already in prison. Little is known, however, about whether or how the procedure is modified in black jails, which is not officially part of the judicial system. The move comes after public condemnation following the disclosure that a farmer, convicted of murder based on his confession under torture, is in fact not guilty. This case was revealed only when the victim was found found alive, after the defendant had spent ten years in prison. International human rights groups gave a very cautious welcome.

Torture techniques

In Chinese prisons, different techniques are used on detainees that cause tremendous pain. These include:

• Donate with cable
• Punch and kick
• Beating to the butt
• A blow is given with a spiky or spiny plant
• Beating with pinned club spikes
• Rotate limbs
• Forced to stay in a painful position for the amount of time
• Hang by hand
• Electrical shock on body
• Enforced meal
• Lack of sleep or nutrition
• Dislocated joints
• Suffocation
• Disapproval of adequate medical care

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Ethnic minorities

There are 55 ethnic minority natives who are officially recognized in China. Article 4 of the Chinese constitution states 'All citizenship in the People's Republic of China is the same', and the government believes that they have made efforts to improve ethnic education and increase ethnic representation in local government. Some groups are still struggling to be recognized as a minority. In the 1964 Census, there were 183 registered citizens, recognized by the government 54.

Some policies cause reversed racism, in which Han Chinese or even ethnic minorities from other regions are treated as second-class citizens in ethnic areas. Similarly, there is a broad preferential policy (affirmative action program) in place to promote social and economic development for ethnic minorities, including preferential work, political promises, and business loans. Universities usually have quotas provided for ethnic minorities, even if they have lower entrance test scores. Ethnic minorities are also more often freed from the one-child policy, which targets Han Chinese.

Strong demands against demonstrators seeking independence, rioters or terrorists have led to the persecution of the Tibetan and Uyghur minorities in Western China. The United States in 2007 refused to help repatriate five Guantanamo Bay Uighur prisoners of China due to 'past treatment of the minority of Uigur'. In its 2007 annual report to the US Congress, the Chinese Congress Executive Commission said the Chinese government "provides incentives for migration to the region from elsewhere in China." Xi Jinping, Secretary General of the Chinese Communist Party, said in April 2014 that China is facing an increasing threat to national security and the government may impose tighter controls on its ethnic minorities due to terrorist attacks such as the Kunming 2014 attack. In Xijiang, the Department of Licensing and Testing of Vehicles Motor ÃÆ'Ã… "rÃÆ'¼mqi has begun requiring all ethnic Uyghurs and Kazakhs to undergo a background check before registering a vehicle.

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Forced biometric collection

Chinese authorities in western Xinjiang province collect DNA samples, fingerprints, eye scans and blood types of millions of people aged 12 to 65 years. Sophie Richardson, director of China Human Rights Watch, said "compulsory data from biodata of the entire population, including DNA, is a gross violation of international human rights norms, and it's even more disturbing if done secretly, under the guise of a free health care program. "For ethnic Uyghur minority people, it is mandatory to undergo biometric collections, disguised in the

Source of the article : Wikipedia