Health is the biological system's ability to acquire, alter, allocate, distribute, and utilize energy with maximum efficiency. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines human health in a broader sense in the 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or weakness." This definition has been the subject of controversy, in particular due to lack of operational value, ambiguity in developing a cohesive health strategy and because of problems created by the use of the word "complete", making it practically impossible to achieve. Other definitions have been proposed, among them a new definition that links health and personal satisfaction.
Video Health
Histori
The definition of health has evolved over time. In accordance with the biomedical perspective, the initial definition of health focused on the theme of the body's ability to function; health is seen as a state of normal function that can be disrupted from time to time by the disease. Examples of such health definitions are: "a country characterized by anatomical, physiological and psychological integrity, the ability to engage in privately-respected family, work, and community roles, the ability to deal with physical, biological, psychological, and social pressures". Then in 1948, in a radical departure from the previous definition, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a higher-purpose definition: linking health to welfare, in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and weakness". Although this definition is welcomed by some as innovative, it is also criticized as unclear, too broad and not interpreted as measurable. For a long time, he was ruled out as an impractical ideal and much of the discussion about health returned to the practicality of the biomedical model.
Just as there is a shift from seeing disease as a state to think of it as a process, a similar shift occurs in the definition of health. Once again, WHO played a major role in fostering the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. It brings about a new concept of health, not as a country, but in terms of dynamic endurance, in other words, as a "resource for life". 1984 WHO revises the definition of health defines it as "the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and meet needs and to change or overcome the environment.Health is a resource for everyday life, not a purpose of life; it is a positive concept, emphasizing social resources and personal, as well as physical capacity ". Thus, health is called the ability to maintain homeostasis and recover from scolding. Mental, intellectual, emotional and social health refers to a person's ability to handle stress, to acquire skills, to maintain relationships, all of which form resources for endurance and independent life.
Since the late 1970s, the federal Healthy Initiative has become a visible component of the US approach to improving the health of the population. In every decade, a new version of Healthy People is issued, featuring updated goals and identifying measurable topics and objectives for health improvement over the next ten years, with assessments at the point of progress or lack thereof. Progress has been limited to many goals, leading to concerns about the effectiveness of Healthy Persons in shaping outcomes in the context of a decentralized and uncoordinated US health system. Healthy People 2020 provides a greater advantage for health promotion and preventive approaches and adds a substantive focus on the importance of addressing social determinants of health. The new expanded digital interface facilitates the use and deployment of large printed books produced in the past. The impact of these changes for Healthy People will be determined in the coming years.
Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by healthcare providers. Applications related to animal health are covered by veterinary science. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of various types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of a healthy society, a healthy city or a healthy environment. In addition to individual health and environmental care interventions, a number of other factors are known to affect the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economy, social conditions and spirituality; this is called the "health determinant." Research has shown that high levels of stress can affect human health.
In the first decade of the 21st century, the conceptualization of health as the ability to open the door for self-assessment became a leading indicator to assess the performance of efforts aimed at improving human health. It also creates an opportunity for everyone to feel healthy, even in the face of some chronic illness, or terminal conditions, and for reexamination of health determinants, away from traditional approaches that focus on reducing disease prevalence.
Maps Health
Determinants
Generally, the context in which an individual's life is so important to their health status and quality of life. It is increasingly recognized that health is nurtured and enhanced not only through the advancement and application of health sciences, but also through the efforts and choice of intelligent lifestyles of individuals and communities. According to the World Health Organization, the major determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment and the individual's individual characteristics and behavior.
More specifically, the key factors that have been found to affect whether healthy or unhealthy people include the following:
More research and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the relationships between health and different factors, including lifestyle, environment, health care organizations and health policy, a special health policy brought to many countries in recent years is the introduction of sugar. tax. Drink bills became clear with increased concern about obesity, especially among youth. Sweet drinks have been the target of anti-obesity initiatives with increasing evidence of their association with obesity. - such as the 1974 Lalonde report from Canada; Alameda County Study in California; and World Health Organization series of World Health Reports, which focus on global health issues including access to health care and improving public health outcomes, especially in developing countries.
The concept of "healthcare," "," is different from medical treatment, emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada.The report identifies three interdependent areas as the main determinant of one's health:
- Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (ie, where individuals have control) that can be said to contribute, or cause, sickness or death;
- Environment: all matters relating to external health to the human body and where individuals have little or no control;
- Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, develop in the human body that is genetically affected.
Maintenance and health promotion are achieved through different combinations of physical, mental, and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as the "triangle of health." The 1986 WHO The Ottawa Charter for Promotional Health goes on to state that health is not just a country, but it is also "a resource for everyday life, not a purpose of life.Health is a positive concept that emphasizes social and personal resources , as well as physical capacity. "
Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationship to functional health, data from the Alameda County Research suggest that people can improve their health through exercise, adequate sleep, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking. Health and illness can co-exist, because even people with chronic illness or deadly disease may consider themselves healthy.
The environment is often cited as an important factor affecting the health status of individuals. This includes the characteristics of the natural environment, the built environment and the social environment. Factors such as clean water and air, decent housing, and communities and safe roads have all been found to contribute to good health, especially for the health of infants and children. Some research indicates that the lack of environmental recreation spaces including the natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of obesity, related to overall health and lower welfare. This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural spaces in urban environments should be taken into account in public policy and land use.
Genetics, or the inherited trait of the parents, also plays a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can include both predisposing to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors that individuals develop through their family lifestyles. For example, genetics may play a role in the way people cope with stress, whether mental, emotional or physical. For example, obesity is a significant problem in the United States that contributes to poor mental health and causes stress in the lives of many people. (One of the difficulties is a matter raised by the debate about the relative strength of genetics and other factors: the interaction between genetics and the environment may be very important.)
Potential issues
A number of common health problems occur worldwide. Illness is one of the most common. According to GlobalIssues.org, approximately 36 million people die each year from non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease (Shah, 2014).
Among infectious diseases, both viruses and bacteria, AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria are the most common, causing millions of deaths each year (Shah, 2014).
Other health problems that cause death or contribute to other health problems are malnutrition, especially among children. One of the most affected groups of malnutrition is young children. Approximately 7.5 million children under the age of 5 die from malnutrition, usually caused by having no money to find or make food (Shah, 2014).
Body injury is also a common health problem worldwide. These injuries, including fractures, fractures, and burns can reduce the quality of life of a person or can cause death including infections caused by injury or severe injury in general (Moffett, 2013).
Lifestyle choices are factors that contribute to poor health in many cases. These include smoking, and can also include poor diet, whether it is overeating or a diet that is too tight. Inactivity can also contribute to health problems as well as lack of sleep, excessive alcohol consumption, and neglect of oral hygiene (Moffett2013). There are also genetic disorders inherited by the person and may vary in how much they affect the person and when they appear (Moffett, 2013).
Although the majority of these health problems can be prevented, the main contributor to poor health in the world is the fact that about 1 billion people do not have access to health care systems (Shah, 2014). In a way, the most common and dangerous health problem is that many people do not have access to quality treatments.
Mental health
The World Health Organization describes mental health as "a state of well-being in which individuals are aware of their own abilities, able to cope with normal life pressures, can work productively and productively, and be able to contribute to or community." Mental health is not just the absence of mental illness.
Mental illness is described as a 'spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral conditions that interfere with social and emotional wellbeing and human life and productivity. Having a mental illness can seriously damage, temporarily or permanently, a person's mental function. Other terms include: 'mental health problems', 'illness', 'disturbance', 'dysfunction'.
About a quarter of all adults aged 18 and up in the US are considered to be diagnosed with mental illness. Mental illness is a major cause of disability in the US and Canada. Examples include, schizophrenia, ADHD, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and autism.
Many adolescents suffer from mental health problems in response to community pressure and social problems they face. Some of the major mental health problems seen in adolescents are: depression, eating disorders, and drug abuse. There are many ways to prevent this health problem from happening like communicating well with a teenager suffering from mental health problems. Mental health can be treated and attention to adolescent behavior.
Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including:
- Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry
- Life experiences, such as trauma or harassment
- Family history of mental health issues
Maintaining
Achieving and sustaining health is a sustainable process, shaped by the evolution of health care knowledge and practice as well as personal strategies and organized interventions to stay healthy.
Diet
An important way to maintain your personal health is by a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of plant and animal foods that provide nutrients for your body. Such nutrients give you energy and keep your body running. Nutrition helps build and strengthen bones, muscles, and tendons and also regulate body processes (ie blood pressure). The food guides pyramid is a healthy pyramidal food guide that is divided into sections. Each section shows the recommended intake for each food group (ie Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and Sugar). Making healthy food choices is important because it can lower the risk of heart disease, develop some types of cancer, and it will contribute to maintaining a healthy weight.
The Mediterranean diet is generally associated with health promotion effects due to the fact it contains several bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, isoprenoids and alkaloids.
Exercise
Physical exercise enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and fitness. It strengthens muscles and improves the cardiovascular system. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) there are four types of exercises; Resilience, Strength, Flexibility, and Balance. Endurance exercise is an exercise that will increase your heart rate including; walking, jogging, running, climbing etc.
Sleep
Sleep is an important component to maintain health. In children, sleep is also important for growth and development. Lack of sustained sleep has been associated with an increased risk for some chronic health problems. In addition, sleep deprivation has been shown to correlate with increased susceptibility to disease and a slower recovery time from disease. In one study, people with less chronic sleep, sleeping six hours a night or less, were found four times more likely to get the flu than those who reported sleeping for seven hours or more a night. Because of the role of sleep in regulating metabolism, sleep deprivation can also play a role in weight gain or, conversely, in inhibiting weight loss. In addition, in 2007, the International Agency for Cancer Research, which is a cancer research institute for the World Health Organization, states that "shift work involving circadian disturbances may be carcinogenic in humans," talking to the dangers of long-term night work due to intrusion in sleep. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation released the latest recommendations for the need for sleep duration by age and concluded that "Individuals who are used to sleeping outside normal ranges may show signs or symptoms of serious health problems or, if voluntary, can harm their health and prosperity. "
Role of science
Health science is a branch of science that focuses on health. There are two main approaches to health sciences: body studies and research and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure illness and other physical and mental disorders. Science is built in many sub-fields, including biology, biochemistry, physics, epidemiology, pharmacology, medical sociology. Applied health sciences seek to better understand and improve human health through applications in areas such as health education, biomedical engineering, biotechnology and public health.
Organized interventions to improve health based on principles and procedures developed through health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, social work, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy and other health care professions. Clinical practitioners focus primarily on individual health, while public health practitioners consider public health and the population as a whole. Workplace health programs are increasingly adopted by companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, as well as school health services to improve the health and well-being of children.
Public health role
Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and improving health through organized efforts and choice of public, organizational, public and private information, communities and individuals." It deals with threats to public health as a whole based on population health analyzes. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of some continents (eg, in the case of a pandemic). Public health has many sub-fields, but usually includes interdisciplinary epidemiology, biostatistics, and health care categories. Environmental health, public health, occupational health, and occupational health are also important areas of public health.
The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage disease, injury and other health conditions through case monitoring and promotion of healthy behaviors, communities, and (in aspects relevant to human health) the environment. The goal is to prevent health problems from happening or recurring by implementing educational programs, developing policies, managing services and conducting research. In many cases, treating illness or controlling pathogens can be important to prevent it in others, such as during outbreaks. Vaccination and condom distribution programs to prevent the spread of infectious diseases are examples of public preventive public health measures, such as education campaigns to promote vaccinations and condom use (including overcoming resistance to it).
Public health also takes measures to limit health disparities between different regions of the country and, in some cases, the continent or the world. One problem is individual and community access to health care in terms of financial, geographic or socio-cultural constraints to access and use of services. Community health system applications cover the areas of maternal and child health, health care administration, emergency response, and the prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases.
The large positive impact of public health programs is widely recognized. Because some of the policies and actions developed through public health, the 20th century recorded a decline in mortality rates for infants and children and a steady increase in life expectancy in most parts of the world. For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans by thirty years since 1900, and worldwide by six years since 1990.
Self-care strategy
Personal health depends in part on the active, passive, and assisted cues that the person has observed and adopted about his own health. This includes personal action to prevent or minimize the effects of the disease, usually chronic conditions, through integrative care. They also include personal hygiene practices to prevent infections and diseases, such as bathing and washing hands with soap; brushing and flossing teeth; store, prepare and handle food safely; and much more. Information obtained from personal observations of everyday life - such as about sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake and environmental features - can be used to inform personal decisions and actions (eg i , "I feel tired in the morning so I will try to sleep on different pillows "), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (eg i , a patient who is more strictly tired than his shoes may experience exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication for reduce excess fluid).
Personal health also partially depends on the social structure of one's life. Maintenance of strong social relationships, volunteers, and other social activities has been linked to positive mental health as well as increased longevity. One study in America among elderly people over the age of 70 found that frequent volunteers were associated with a reduced risk of death compared to older people who did not voluntarily, regardless of physical health status. Another study from Singapore reported that voluntary retirees had significantly better cognitive performance scores, fewer symptoms of depression, and improved mental well-being and life satisfaction than non-voluntary retirees.
Prolonged psychological stress can have a negative impact on health, and has been referred to as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging, depression, and disease expression. Stress management is the application of methods to reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. Relaxation technique is a physical method used to relieve stress. Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking, which work by reducing the response to stress. Improve relevant skills, such as problem-solving and time-management skills, reduce uncertainty and build confidence, which also reduces reactions to stress-inducing situations in which such skills can be applied.
Jobs
In addition to security risks, many jobs also present the risk of illness, illness, and other long-term health problems. Among the most common occupational diseases are various forms of pneumoconiosis, including sosisosis and pneumoconiosis of coal workers (black lung disease). Asthma is another respiratory disease that many workers are prone to. Workers are also susceptible to skin diseases, including eczema, dermatitis, urticaria, sunburn, and skin cancer. Other occupational diseases include carpal tunnel syndrome and lead poisoning.
As the number of service sector jobs has increased in developed countries, more and more jobs are becoming inactive, presenting a wide range of health problems compared to those associated with manufacturing and the primary sector. Contemporary issues, such as rising levels of obesity and stress-related problems and overwork in many countries, make it more difficult to interact between work and health.
Many governments view occupational health as a social challenge and have established public organizations to ensure workers' health and safety. Examples include the UK Health and Safety Executive and in the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, which conducts research on occupational health and safety, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which deals with workers' regulations and policies. safety and health.
See also
- Men's health
- Women's health
- Adolescent health
- Population health
- Public health
- Disease burden
- Health care
- The health system
- Medicine
- Human enhancement
- One Health
- Heal
- Environmental health
References
External links
- Media related to Health in Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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