The politics of the People's Republic of China takes place within the framework of a one-party-run socialist republic, the Chinese Communist Party, headed by the Secretary-General. The state power in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is implemented through the Communist Party, the Central Government of the People (Dewan Negara) and their provincial and local representatives. The Chinese Communist Party uses Internal References to manage and monitor internal disputes among citizens of the People's Republic of China. Document Number Nine was circulated among the Chinese Communist Party in 2013 by the Xi-Li Administration to tighten up the control of the ideological sphere in China to ensure the highest leadership of the Communist Party will not be challenged by Western influence. China only controls mainland China, Hainan Island, Hong Kong, Macao and some islands of South China Sea.
Each Bureau or a local office shall be under the same authority of the local leader and the respective office, bureau or ministry leader at the next higher level. Members of the People's Congress at the district level are elected by voters. This regional level People's Congress has the responsibility of overseeing local authorities, and electing members to Provinces (or Municipalities in the case of independent municipalities) of the People's Congress. The Provincial People's Congress in turn elects members to the National People's Congress which meets annually in March in Beijing. The ruling Communist Party committees at each level play a major role in the selection of appropriate candidates for local congressional elections and to a higher level.
The Chinese president is the head of titular state, serving as a ceremonial leader under the National People's Congress. The Chinese prime minister is the head of government, who heads the State Council of four deputy prime ministers and heads of ministries and commissions. As a one-party state, the Secretary General of the Chinese Communist Party holds the highest authority and authority over the state and government. The offices of the President, Secretary General, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission have been held simultaneously by one person since 1993, giving individual de jure and de facto authority throughout the country.
The Chinese population, geographical area, and social diversity thwarted the attempts to rule from Beijing. The economic reforms during the 1980s and the devolution of central government decision-making, combined with the strong interest of local Communist Party officials in enriching themselves, have made it increasingly difficult for the central government to assert its authority. Political power has become less personal and more institutionalized than during the first forty years of the PRC. For example, Deng Xiaoping has never been the Secretary-General of the Chinese Communist Party, President, or Prime Minister of China, but was the leader of China for a decade. Today, the authority of Chinese leaders is much more tied to their institutional bases. The incident of the Missing Book Hong Kong has been worrying the public that the political confrontation of different political cadres at the senior level of the Chinese Communist Party still dominates Chinese politics.
Leaders of the central government should further build consensus on new policies among party members, local and regional leaders, influential non-party members, and the population at large. However, control is often maintained in larger groups through information control. The Chinese Communist Party considers China to be in the early stages of socialism. Many Chinese and foreign observers see the PRC as in the transition from the public ownership system to a system in which private ownership plays an increasingly important role. The privatization of housing and the increasing freedom to make choices about education and work greatly undermined the system of work units that used to be the basis of the Communist Party's control over society. China's complex political, ethnic, and ideological mosaics, much less uniformly beneath the surface than in the idealized story of the Chinese Communist Party Publicity Department, reject the simple categorization.
As the social, cultural, and political and economic consequences of market reform become more and more visible, the tension between the old - the road of friends - and the new - the way of the citizens - gets sharper. Some Chinese scholars such as Zhou Tianyong, deputy research director of the Central Party School, argue that gradual political reforms as well as oppression of those who encourage rapid change over the next twenty years will be important if China wants to avoid too many turbulent transitions to class government dominated medium. Some Chinese look back to the Cultural Revolution and fear of chaos if the Communist Party should lose control because of domestic upheaval and hence a strong monitoring and control system is in place to counter the growing pressure for political change.
China practiced a form of democracy called socialist consultative democracy. The Socialist Consultative Democracy is a form of democracy that exists in the People's Republic of China, although at least one source says that this form of democracy was created by the Chinese Communist Party. According to an article in the Qiushi Journal, "Consultative democracy was created by the CPC and the Chinese as a form of socialist democracy.In this sense, consultative democracy represents the great product of our efforts to enrich and develop the Marxist theory of democracy Socialist consultative democracy demonstrates character- characteristic as well as unique advantages, not only representing a commitment to socialism but also bringing good Chinese political and cultural traditions, not only representing a commitment to organizational principles and modes of leadership to democratic centralism, also underscores the role of the general public in democracy. only represents a commitment to the leadership of BPK, it also provides play to the role of all political parties and organizations as well as people from all ethnic groups and all sectors of society ".
According to another source in the People's Republic of China, "Consultative democracy ensures broad and effective participation in politics through consultations by political parties, congresses, government departments, CPPCC committees, community organizations, communities and social organizations."
In 2012, Li Changjian, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), China's main political advisory body, said that consultative democracy should be a greater priority in China's political reforms. An important feature of socialist consultative democracy is consultation with various sectors to achieve maximum consensus.
However, elections are also an element in socialist consultative democracy, although the People's Republic of China is often censured wrongly in the West for lack of elections. This error may stem from a misunderstanding of the PRC electoral system.
Socialist democracy and socialist consultative democracy do not seem to be the same as social democracy and are unrelated to a website called Socialist Democracy.
Video Politics of China
Partai Komunis
The 89 million-million Chinese Communist Party (CPC) continues to dominate government. In the period of relative liberalization, the influence of people and groups outside the formal party structure tends to increase, especially in the economic field. Under the command economy, every state-owned company is required to have a party committee. The introduction of a market economy means that economic institutions now exist where parties have limited or no power.
However, in all government institutions in the PRC, party committees at all levels maintain a strong and very important role in administration. The tightest central party controls in central government offices and in urban economic, industrial and cultural settings; it's much more loose on government and party companies in rural areas, where the majority of Mainland Chinese live. The most important responsibility of BPK is in the selection and promotion of personnel. They also see that party and state policy guidelines are followed and that non-party members do not create autonomous organizations that can challenge party rules. Particularly important are the leading small groups that coordinate the activities of various institutions. Although there is a convention that government committees contain at least one non-party member, party membership is a definite aid in promotion and is included in important policy regulatory meetings.
Constitutionally, the party's highest body is the Party Congress, which should meet at least once every 5 years. An irregular meeting before the Cultural Revolution but has been periodic ever since. The Party elects the Central Committee and the principal organs of powers are formally part of the central committee.
The main organs of power in the Communist Party include:
- The General Secretary, who is the highest official in the Party and usually the leader of Paramount China.
- The Politburo, consisting of 22 full members (including members of the Politburo Standing Committee);
- The Standing Committee of the Politburo, the most powerful decision-making body in China, currently composed of seven members;
- The Secretariat, the main administrative mechanism of the Supreme Audit Board, led by the Secretary-General;
- The Central Military Commission;
- Central Discipline Inspection Commission, charged with eradicating corruption and irregularities among party cadres.
Maps Politics of China
Government
The main organs of state power are the National People's Congress (NPC), the President, and the State Council. Members of the State Council include the Prime Minister, a number of deputy prime ministers (now four), five members of the state council (protocol equal to deputy prime minister but with a narrower portfolio), and 29 ministers and heads of the commission of the State Council. During the 1980s an effort was made to separate the party and state functions, with parties deciding on public policies and the countries that implemented them. The effort was abandoned in the 1990s with the result that political leadership within the state was also a party leader, thus creating a central locus of power.
At the same time, there is a convention that parties and state offices are separated at a level other than the central government, and unheard of for a sub-national executive to also become party secretaries. Conflict is often known to develop between the chief executive and the party secretary, and this conflict is widely seen as deliberate to prevent either from becoming overly dominant. Some special cases are the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong and Macao where the Communist Party is not functioning at all as part of the system of government, and the autonomous region where, following the Soviet practice, the chief executive is usually a member of the local ethnicity. group while party secretary general is non-local and usually Han Chinese.
Under the Chinese Constitution, the NPC is the highest state power organ in China. It meets annually for about 2 weeks to review and approve new major policy directions, laws, budgets, and major personnel changes. Most of the national legislation in China was adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). Most of the initiatives are presented to the NPCC for consideration by the State Council after the previous support by the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Communist Party. Although the NPC generally approves State Council policies and personnel recommendations, the NPC and its permanent committees increasingly assert its role as a national legislature and have been able to force revisions in some laws. For example, the State Council and the Party can not guarantee the imposition of a fuel tax to finance the construction of roads.
Local government
Currently, local government in China is structured in a hierarchy on four different levels. With villages being grassroots (usually around one hundred families), and not considered part of the hierarchy, local governments progress through the city, , prefecture or municipality , and province as the geographic area of ​​jurisdiction increases. Each level in the hierarchy is responsible for overseeing the work performed by the lower levels of the administrative strata. At each level there are two important officials. People representing the Chinese Communist Party, referred to as the Party's chief or Party Secretary respectively, act as policymakers. This figure is designated by their superiors. The head of the local People's Government, in theory, is elected by the people. Usually called a governor, mayor, or judge, depending on the rate, this figure acts to implement the policy and most ceremonial task. The difference has evolved into a system in which the Party Secretary always takes precedence over the leaders of the People's Government.
After Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, greater autonomy has been given to provinces in the implementation of economic policy and other policy areas such as education and transport. As a result, some provincial officials evolved the tendency to operate on the de facto federal system with Beijing. Prominent examples of greater autonomy are evident in the provinces of Guangdong and Zhejiang, where local leaders are less concerned with the stringent standards issued by the Central Government, especially economic policies. Moreover, the conflict has arisen in the relations of central Party leaders with some provincial municipalities, especially the Shanghai municipal government and the rivalry between former Beijing mayor Chen Xitong and Jiang Zemin. The abolition of Shanghai City Party Secretary Chen Liangyu in September 2006 is the latest example.
China's regional autonomous system and the autonomous prefecture within the province are officially intended to provide greater autonomy by the majority ethnic groups that inhabit the region. But in practice, power exists with the Party secretary. Beijing will often appoint faithful party cadres to oversee local work as Party secretaries, while regional heads of regional government are regarded as nominal chiefs. Power lies with the Party secretary. To avoid the solidification of local loyalty during the cadre period at the office, the central government freely and frequently moves party cadres to different parts of the country, so that high-caliber careers may include office as governor or party secretary from several different provinces.
Administrative division
Tentara Nasional
The Chinese Communist Party created and led the People's Liberation Army. After the PRC was established in 1949, PLA also became the state's military. The state military system inherits and upholds the absolute principle of the Communist Party's leadership over the armed forces of the people. Party and State together form a Central Military Commission that performs the highest military leadership duties of the armed forces.
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China of 1954 stipulates that the President of the State (President) directs the armed forces and makes the Head of State the chair of the Defense Commission (the Defense Commission is an advisory body, he does not lead the armed forces). On September 28, 1954, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China re-established the Central Military Commission as the leader of the PLA and the armed forces of the people. From that point onwards, the combined Party system and the military leadership of the state were formed. The Communist Party Central Committee heads all military affairs. The Chairman of the State directs the country's military forces and the development of military forces administered by the State Council.
In December 2004, the fifth National People's Congress revised the Constitution of the State to provide that the Central State Military Commission lead all the armed forces of the state. The State CMC seats are selected and removed by the full NPC while other members are selected by the NPC Permanent Committee. However, the CMC of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party remains a Party organization that directly leads the military and all other armed forces. In actual practice, the CMC Party, in consultation with democratic parties, proposes the names of State CMC members of the NPC so that these persons after a legal process may be elected by the NPC to the Central State Military Commission. That is, CMC Central Committee and CMC Countries are one group and one organization. However, by looking at it organically, these two CMCs are under two different systems - the Party system and the State system. Therefore, the armed forces are under the absolute leadership of the Communist Party and also the state armed forces. It is a unique Chinese system that guarantees the joint leadership of the Communist Party and the state over the armed forces.
Country leader
Politburo Standing Committee
Complete Politburo Member
Selection
There is no considerable legal political opposition group, and the country is mainly run by the Chinese Communist Party (CPC), but there are other political parties in the PRC, the so-called "democratic parties", who participate in the People's Political Consultative Conference but mostly function for support CPC policies. Although there are some moves towards democratization as far as the electoral system at least, in public Congress elections are currently held at village and city level, and that the legislature has shown some firmness over time, it has effective control over the appointment of the government. This is because CPC wins by default in most voters. BPK has enforced its rules by clamping political dissidents and simultaneously seeking to reduce disagreements by improving the economy and allowing the public expression of personal grievances of people, provided it is not on the agenda of NGOs or other groups openly or covertly opposes the ideals of the CPC. Current political concerns in Mainland China include fighting the growing gap between the rich and the poorer, and fighting corruption within the leadership of government and its institutions. Support that the Chinese Communist Party among the Chinese population is generally unclear because the national elections are dominated by most CPCs, since no opposition political parties and independent candidates are elected in offices that are not well-organized to be realistically opposed to BPK's rules. Also, private conversations and anecdotal information often reveal conflicting views. However, according to a survey conducted in Hong Kong, where relatively high levels of freedom are enjoyed, BPK's current leaders have received substantial vote support when residents are asked to rank their favorite Chinese leaders from Mainland and Taiwan.
The eight small parties listed have existed since before 1950. These parties all officially accepted the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) and their activities were directed by the United Front Work Department of CPC. Their original function was to create the impression that the PRC was being ruled by a diverse national front, not a one-party dictatorship. The main role of these parties is to attract and then muzzle niche in politically motivated societies, such as academics. Although these parties are strictly controlled and not opposed to the Communist Party, party members are often individually found in national institutions that make policy, and there is a convention that state institutions generally have at least one sinecure from a small political party.
Small parties including the Chinese Revolutionary Guomindang Committee, founded in 1948 by the dissident members of the mainstream Kuomintang under the control of the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek; The Chinese League of Democracy, created in 1941 by intellectuals in education and the arts; China National Democratic Construction Association, formed in 1945 by national educators and capitalists (industrialists and businesses); The China Association for Promoting Democracy, started in 1945 by intellectuals in the fields of culture, education (primary and secondary schools), and publishing circles; The People's Democratic Party and the Chinese Peasants, which began in 1930 by intellectuals in medicine, arts, and education; The Chinese Party for the Public Interest (China Zhi Gong Dang), was established in 1925 to attract support from overseas Chinese; Jiusan Society, founded in 1945 by a group of lecturers and scientists to commemorate the victory of "international war against fascism" on September 3; and the Taiwan Democratic Reform League, created in 1947 by "patriotic democratic supporters who are from Taiwan and now live in the mainland."
Coordination between the eight small parties listed and the Chinese Communist Party is conducted through the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference which meets annually in Beijing in March at the same time as the National People's Congress meets. In addition, there are some small parties that have no official recognition or are actively suppressed by the government, such as the Maoist Communist Party of China, the Chinese Democratic Party and the New China Democratic Party, which have their headquarters outside Mainland China.
Legal system
The Chinese legal code is an intricate mixture of customs and laws, most of which focus on criminal law, although basic civil law has been in force since January 1, 1987 and the new code of law has been in force since 1 January 1980. Continuing efforts are being made to improve the law civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial.
Although Chinese law today can not be categorized by arbitrary rules, it is too simplistic to describe it as a rule of law system. While personal freedom and private property are nominally guaranteed by law, officials retain the right to enter without the consent of the citizens before proving or suspecting them of violating the law through the use of the Droit administration. In other words, the concept of Habeas corpus does not apply in China. Also, Party members are subject to different legal instruments, namely the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, which authorizes the use of state apparatus to regulate the conduct of party members, sometimes violating state law. One of the most distinctive characteristics of Chinese law is the lack of mechanisms to verify the constitutionality of the law. This allows enforcement of administrative laws as long as the circumstances justify.
The government's efforts to promote rule by law (not the same as the rule of law) are significant and sustainable. After the Cultural Revolution, the PRC leaders aimed to develop a legal system to withhold violations of official authority and revolutionary excesses. In 1982, the National People's Congress adopted a new state constitution emphasizing the concept of rule by law in which state parties and organizations are all subject to the law. (The importance of rule by law is increasingly exalted by amendments to the 1999 Constitution). Many commentators have pointed out that the emphasis on rule by law increases rather than reducing the power of the Chinese Communist Party because the party, in a position of power, is in a better position to change the law to suit its own needs.
Since 1979, when the drive to establish a functioning legal system began, more than 301 laws and regulations, most of them in the economic field, have been formally announced. (After the entry of China into the WTO, many new economically related laws have been enacted, while others have been changed.) The use of mediation committees - citizen information groups that resolve about 90% of the PRC civil disputes and some minor criminal cases at no cost to the parties - is one of the innovative tools. There are more than 800,000 such committees in rural and urban areas.
Law reform became a government priority in the 1990s. Legislation designed to modernize and professionalize national lawyers, judges and prisons is enforced. The 1994 Administrative Procedure Act allows citizens to sue officials for abuse of authority or irregularities. In addition, criminal law and criminal procedure law are amended to introduce significant reforms. The amendment of the criminal law abolished the crime of "counter-revolutionary" activities (and the reference to "counter-revolutionaries" disappeared with the passage of the 1999 Constitution amendment), while reform of criminal procedures led to the establishment of a more transparent and hostile trial process. The PRC's constitution and legislation provide basic human rights, including legal process, even though the law also regulates restrictions on those rights.
Although the human rights situation in mainland China has increased sharply since the 1960s (amendments to the 2004 Constitution specifically emphasize that the State protects human rights), the government remains determined to prevent organized opposition to its rule. Amnesty International estimates that the PRC holds several thousand political prisoners. Although illegal, there are reports of torture by civil authorities.
Nationality and ethnicity
Nationality is given at birth for children with at least one Chinese-national parent, with a few exceptions. In general, naturalization or the acquisition of nationality of the People's Republic of China is difficult. The Nationality Act only stipulates three conditions for obtaining the citizenship of PRC (marriage to a PRC citizen is one, permanent residence is another). If a PRC citizen voluntarily obtains foreign citizenship, he or she loses Chinese citizenship automatically (but this rule does not apply to party members or government officials). If the citizen then wishes to resume the nationality of the PRC, foreign citizenship is no longer recognized. For more details, see the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China.
The PRC is officially a multi-ethnic country that provides ethnic autonomy in the form of an autonomous administrative entity in accordance with Section 6 of Chapter 3 (Articles 111-122) of the Chinese Constitution, and in more detail under the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Autonomy. By law, ethnic minorities receive benefits in areas such as population control, school admission, government employment, and military recruitment. The PRC recognizes 56 nationalities in China and simultaneously categorizes them as a hegemonic Chinese nation. However, separatist sentiments sometimes flare up in Tibet and Xinjiang. Thus, independence groups and foreign human rights groups are very critical of PRC policies in ethnic areas, and have lamented the presence of Han China (China's main ethnic group) in Xinjiang and Tibet.
Foreign relations
The PRC maintains diplomatic relations with most countries of the world. In 1971, China replaced the Republic of China, commonly known as "Taiwan" since the 1970s, the sole representative of China at the United Nations and as one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. China was represented by the Republic of China at the time of the founding of the United Nations in 1945. (See China and the United Nations).
Under the One-China policy, the People's Republic of China has made it a prerequisite to build diplomatic relations that other countries recognize their claims over all of China, including Taiwan, and destroy official ties with the government of the Republic of China (ROC). The government is actively opposing a foreign government meeting with the 14th Dalai Lama in political capacity, as a spokesman for the separatist movement in Tibet.
The PRC has played a leading role in calling for free trade and security pacts among its Asian-Pacific neighbors. In 2004, the PRC proposed an entirely new East Asian framework (EAS) as a forum for regional security issues that explicitly excludes the United States. The EAS, which includes ASEAN Plus Three, India, Australia and New Zealand, held its inaugural meeting in 2005. China is also a founder and member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), with Russia and the Central Asian republic.
Most of the current foreign policy is based on the concept of China's peaceful development. Nevertheless, the crisis in relations with foreign countries has occurred at various times in its recent history, particularly with the United States; for example, the US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during the Kosovo conflict in May 1999 and the Hainan Island incident in April 2001. China's foreign relations with many Western countries suffered for some time after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Many troubled foreigners that between China and Japan, sometimes suppressed by Japan's refusal to recognize its wartime past for the satisfaction of the PRC, such as the revisionist comments made by prominent Japanese officials, and inadequate details given to the Nanjing Massacre and other atrocities committed during World War II in Japanese history textbooks. Another point of conflict between the two countries is the frequent visits by Japanese government officials to the Yasukuni Shrine, which not only respects World War II Japan but also many convicted World War II criminals, including 14 Class A beliefs.
International disputes
The PRC is in a number of international territorial disputes, some of which involve the Sino-Russian border. Although most of them are now resolved, China's territorial disputes have led to several local wars in the last 50 years, including the Sino-Indian War in 1962, the Sino-Soviet border conflict in 1969 and the Sino-Vietnam War in 1979. In 2001 , China and Russia signed the Good-Neighboring and Friendly Cooperation Agreement, which ended the conflict. Other territorial disputes include islands in the East and South China Seas, and unclear or disputed borders with India, Bhutan and North Korea.
Territorial disputes
The following areas are claimed by China and one or more other countries:
- Socotra Rock (with South Korea)
- Diaoyu Islands (with Japan)
- Spratly Islands (with Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines)
- Paracel Islands (with Vietnam)
- Panatag Shoal (with Philippines)
- Southern Tibet - part of Arunachal Pradesh (with India)
- Aksai Chin - (with India, but Pakistan has received an unmarked border and recognizes Chinese governance in the area).
In addition, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) share the 1992 Consensus that there is only "One China"; thus, any claim of sovereignty over the rest of the territory.
Opt-in organization
AfDB, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CDB (non-regional), ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization , UNITED, INTERCOLN, UNITS, UNCTON, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNITS, UNCTON, UNUCCO, UNITS, , UNITAR, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, Zangger Committee
See also
- Hong Kong Politics
- Macau Politics
- Chinese Socialist Democracy
- Organization of people
- List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China
Note
References
External links
- China Political Link
- The Central China Government Web Portal
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
- Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States
- China Legislative Information Network System searches full-text translation of English from hundreds of PRC laws and regulations
- The Chinese government's new items in English from the PRC government's official website
- Chinaview from Xinhua News Agency
- People's Daily Online in English
- PLA Daily News English
- China Daily in English
- Inside the Chinese Government Party (BBC)
- Is China really a Communist country? (CNN)
- The New York Times article on September 5, 2002 on Rule Succession in China
- Chinese officials lighten in pressure (China Today)
- Primer on China's Leadership Transition
Bibliography
- Sebastian Heilmann and Elizabeth J. Perry, editors, Invisible Hand Mao: The Adaptive Government Political Foundation in China , Harvard University Asia Center (1 May 2011), trade novels, 336 pages , ISBNÃ, 0674060636
- Sebastian Heilmann, editor, Political System of China , Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & amp; Littlefield Publishers (2017) ISBN: 978-1442277342 and ISBNÃ, 1442277343
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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