Marine pollution

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Marine pollution occurs when dangerous, or potentially harmful, due to the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industries, agriculture, and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by bringing pesticides or impurities into the ocean. Land and air pollution has proven dangerous to marine life and its habitat.

Pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff, windblown debris, and dust. Nutritional pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive nutritional inputs. This is a major cause of eutrophication of surface water, where excess nutrients, usually nitrate or phosphate, stimulate algal growth. Many toxic chemicals are potentially attached to small particles which are then taken by plankton and benthic animals, most of which are depositing deposits or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward in the seafood chain. Many particles join chemically in a way that is very draining oxygen, causing the estuary to become anoxic.

When pesticides are introduced into the marine ecosystem, they are rapidly absorbed into the marine food web. Once in the food web, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans and the entire food web. Toxic metals can also be incorporated into seafood nets. This can cause changes in tissue material, biochemistry, behavior, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. In addition, many animal feeds have high fish meal or fish hydrolyzate content. In this way, sea toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products.

To protect the ocean from marine pollution, policies have been developed internationally. There are various ways for the oceans to be polluted, therefore there are many laws, policies, and treaties imposed throughout history.

Video Marine pollution

History

Although marine pollution has a long history, significant international law to fight it only came into effect in the twentieth century. Marine pollution is of concern during several United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea beginning in the 1950s. Most scientists believe that the oceans are so vast that they have an unlimited ability to liquefy, and thus make harmless pollution.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, there was some controversy about the disposal of radioactive waste from American coasts by companies licensed by the Atomic Energy Commission, to the Irish Sea from the British reprocessing facility at Windscale, and to the Mediterranean Sea by the French Commissariat ÃƒÆ' l'Energie Atomique. After the controversy of the Mediterranean Sea, for example, Jacques Cousteau became a worldwide figure in a campaign to stop marine pollution. Marine pollution made international headlines after the 1967 oil tanker crash, Torrey Canyon, and after the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill off the coast of California.

Marine pollution was the main area of â€‹â€‹discussion during the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm. That year also saw the signing of the Convention on Prevention of Sea Pollution with Waste Disposal and Other Materials, sometimes called the London Convention. The London Convention does not prohibit marine pollution, but it sets black and gray lists for prohibited material (black) or regulated by national (gray) authorities. Cyanide and high-level radioactive waste, for example, are blacklisted. The London Convention applies only to waste disposed of from ships, and thus does nothing to regulate waste discharged as a liquid from a pipeline.

Maps Marine pollution

Pollution path

There are many ways to categorize and check pollution input into our marine ecosystem. Patin (n.d.) notes that there are generally three main types of pollution inputs to the ocean: direct waste disposal into the oceans, rainfall runoff, and pollutants released from the atmosphere.

One common pathway by contaminants to the sea is the river. Evaporation of water from the ocean exceeds rainfall. The balance is restored by the rain above the continents entering the river and then returned to the sea. The Hudson in New York State and Raritan in New Jersey, empty on the north and south end of Staten Island, are a source of mercury contamination of zooplankton (copepods) in the open ocean. The highest concentration in the filter-feeding copepods is not at the mouth of these rivers but 70 miles (110 km) south, nearer the Atlantic City, as water flows close to the shore. It takes several days before the poison is taken by plankton.

Pollution is often classified as a source point or non-point source pollution. Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, and localized source of pollution. An example is to directly dispose of industrial waste and waste into the sea. Such pollution occurs mainly in developing countries. Nonpoint source pollution occurs when pollution comes from unclear and dispersed sources. This can be difficult to manage. Farm runoff and wind-blown debris are prime examples.

Direct debit

Pollutants enter the rivers and seas directly from urban waste disposal and industrial waste disposal, sometimes in the form of hazardous and toxic wastes.

Ground mining for copper, gold, etc., is another source of marine pollution. Most of the pollution is just the soil, which ends in a river that flows into the ocean. However, some minerals discharged during mining can cause problems, such as copper, general industrial pollutants, which can disrupt the life history and development of coral polyps. Mining has a poor track record of the environment. For example, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency, mining has polluted upstream parts of more than 40% of the watersheds in the western continent of the United States. Much of this pollution ends up in the ocean.

Land runoff

Surface runoff from agriculture, as well as urban runoff and runoff from roads, buildings, ports, canals and ports can carry soils and particles containing carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and minerals. This nutrient-rich water can cause algae and phytoplankton to flourish in coastal areas; known as algal blooms, which have the potential to create hypoxic conditions by using all available oxygen. On the coast of southwest Florida, dangerous algae have been around for more than 100 years. This algae rose has been the cause of fish species, turtles, dolphins, and dead shrimp and causes harmful effects on humans swimming in the water.

Tainted pollution from roads and highways can be a significant source of water pollution in coastal areas. About 75% of toxic chemicals flowing into Puget Sound are carried by stormwater flowing from paved roads and driveways, rooftops, yards and other developed land. In California, there are many rain storms that flow into the ocean. This rainstorm occurs from October to March, and this water runoff contains petroleum, heavy metals, pollutants from emissions, etc.

In China, there are large coastal populations that pollute the oceans through land runoff. This includes waste disposal and pollution from urbanization and land use. In 2001, more than 66,795mÂ² of China's coastal marine waters were rated less than Class I of China Sea Water Quality Standards. Most of this pollution comes from Ag, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, DDT, PCB, etc., which occur from contamination through soil runoff.

Ship pollution

Ships can contaminate waterways and oceans in many ways. Oil spills can have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), found in crude oil, are very difficult to clean, and persist for years in sedimentary and marine environments.

Oil spills may be the most emotive of marine pollution events. However, while tanker crashes can lead to newspaper headlines, much of the world's oil comes from other smaller sources, such as tank vessels that evacuate water from oil tanks used on returning vessels, leaking pipes or engine oil removed to the bottom gutter..

Disposing of cargo from bulk carriers can contaminate ports, waterways, and oceans. In many instances the ship deliberately dumps illegal waste even though foreign and domestic regulations prohibit such action. The absence of a national standard provides incentives for some cruise ships to dispose of waste in places where penalties are inadequate. It is estimated that container ships lose more than 10,000 containers at sea each year (usually during a storm). The vessel also creates noise pollution that disrupts natural wildlife, and water from the ballast tank can spread harmful algae and other invasive species.

Water retrieves taken at sea and released at the harbor is a major source of exotic marine life that is not desirable. Invasive freshwater zebra shells, native to the Black Sea, Caspian, and Azov, may be transported to the Great Lakes via ballast water from transoceanic vessels. Meinesz believes that one of the worst cases of an invasive species that causes damage to the ecosystem can be attributed to seemingly innocuous jellyfish. Mnemiopsis leidyi , a spreading species of jellyfish that now inhabit estuaries in many parts of the world. It was first introduced in 1982, and is thought to have been transported to the Black Sea on a ballast water boat. The population of jellyfish grows exponentially and, in 1988, it caused damage to the local fishing industry. "Anchovy fell from 204,000 tonnes in 1984 to 200 tonnes in 1993, spat from 24,600 tonnes in 1984 to 12,000 tonnes in 1993, mackerel horses from 4,000 tonnes in 1984 to zero in 1993." Now the jellyfish have run out of zooplankton, including fish larvae, the numbers have dropped dramatically, but they continue to maintain grip on the ecosystem.

Invasive species can take over the once-occupied territory, facilitate the spread of new diseases, introduce new genetic material, alter the undersea seabed, and endanger the ability of native species to obtain food. Invasive species are responsible for about $ 138 billion per year in lost revenue and management fees in the US alone.

Pollution of the atmosphere

Other pollution paths occur through the atmosphere. Dust and windblown debris, including plastic bags, are blown in the direction of the sea from landfills and other areas. Dust from the Sahara moves around the southern rim of the subtropical ridge moving into the Caribbean and Florida during the warmer seasons when the ridge builds and moves northward through the subtropical Atlantic. Dust can also be attributed to global transportation from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts in Korea, Japan and the North Pacific to the Hawaiian Islands.

Since 1970, outbreaks of dust have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a great diversity in transporting dust to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year; However, the flux is greater during the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. USGS connects dust events with decreased coral reef health in the Caribbean and Florida, especially since the 1970s.

Climate change raises the temperature of the ocean and increases the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Increased levels of carbon dioxide acidify the oceans. This, in turn, alters the aquatic ecosystem and modifies the distribution of fish, with an impact on fisheries sustainability and the livelihoods of the people who depend on it. Healthy marine ecosystems are also important for climate change mitigation.

Deep sea mining

Deep sea mining is a relatively new mineral-taking process that occurs on the ocean floor. Marine mining sites are usually located around a large area of â€‹â€‹polymetallic nodules or active and extinct hydrothermal holes around 1,400 - 3,700 meters below the ocean's surface. Ventilation creates sulphide deposits, which contain precious metals such as silver, gold, copper, manganese, cobalt, and zinc. The deposit is mined using a hydraulic pump or bucket system that carries ores to the surface for processing. As with all mining operations, deep sea mining raises questions about environmental damage to the surrounding area

Since deepwater mining is a relatively new field, the full consequences of full-scale mining operations are unknown. However, experts believe that the displacement of the seafloor will result in disruption of the benthic layer, increased toxicity of the water column, and clumps of sediment from the tailings. Removing parts of the seafloor disrupts the habitat of benthic organisms, perhaps, depending on the type of mining and location, causing permanent disturbance. Apart from the direct impacts of mining, leakage, spills, and corrosion will alter the chemical makeup of the mining area.

Among the impacts of deep-sea mining, sedimentary clumps can have the greatest impact. Clots are caused when tailings from mining (usually fine particles) are thrown back into the sea, creating clouds of particles floating in water. Two types of clots appear: clumps near the bottom and surface clumps. The bottom lumps occur when the tailings are pumped back into the mining site. Floating particles increase turbidity, or turbidity, water, clog filter-feeding equipment used by benthic organisms. Surface surfaces cause more serious problems. Depending on the size of the particles and water currents, clots can spread to large areas. Clots can impact zooplankton and light penetration, in turn affecting the food web of the area.

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Type of pollution

Acidification

Oceans are usually natural carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. As atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rise, the oceans become more acidic. The potential consequences of ocean acidification are not fully understood, but there are concerns that structures made of calcium carbonate may become susceptible to dissolution, affecting corals and the ability of shells to form shells.

Oceans and coastal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle and have removed about 25% of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activity between 2000 and 2007 and about half of the anthropogenic CO ₂ released since the start of the industrial revolution. Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification mean that ocean carbon sink capacity gradually gets weaker, leading to global concerns expressed in the Monaco Declaration and Manado.

A report from NOAA scientists published in the journal Science in May 2008 found that large amounts of relatively acidified water rose to within four miles of the North American continental shelf region of North America. This area is a critical zone where most of the local marine life lives or is born. Although this paper deals only with areas from Vancouver to northern California, other continental shelf areas may experience similar effects.

The related problem is the methane clathrate reservoir found beneath the sediments on the ocean floor. This traps a lot of greenhouse methane gas, which ocean warming has the potential to be released. In 2004 the global inventory of marine methane clathrates was estimated to occupy between one and five million cubic kilometers. If all these klathrates are spread evenly on the ocean floor, this will translate to a thickness of between three and fourteen meters. This estimate corresponds to 500-2500 gigatons of carbon (GtC), and can be compared to the estimated 5000 GtC for all other fossil fuel reserves.

Eutrophication

Eutrophication is the improvement of chemical nutrients, usually compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, in an ecosystem. This may result in an increase in the ecosystem's primary productivity (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects include lack of oxygen and severe deterioration in water quality, fish, and other animal populations.

The biggest offender is an empty river to the sea, and with it many chemicals are used as fertilizer in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. Excess oxygen-boosting chemicals in the water can cause hypoxia and the formation of dead zones.

Estuaries tend to be natural eutrophic due to nutrients derived from concentrated soil where runoff enters the marine environment in limited channels. The World Resources Institute has identified 375 hypoxic coastal zones worldwide, concentrated in coastal areas of Western Europe, the East and South America, and East Asia, particularly in Japan. In the oceans, tidal red tidal algae often kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach near the shore.

In addition to land runoff, atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen can enter the high seas. A study in 2008 found that this could account for about a third of external (non-recycled) nitrogen supply and up to three percent of annual new marine biological production. It has been suggested that collecting reactive nitrogen in the environment may have serious consequences such as putting carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

One of the proposed solutions for eutrophication at the estuary is to restore the shellfish population, such as oysters. Oyster reefs remove nitrogen from the water column and filter suspended solids, then reduce the possibility or level of harmful algae or anoxic conditions. Filter filter activities are considered beneficial for water quality by controlling the density of phytoplankton and absorbing nutrients, which can be removed from the system through shell harvest, buried in sediment, or lost through denitrification. The basic work towards the idea of â€‹â€‹improving seawater quality through shellfish cultivation to be done by Odd Lindahl et al., Using shellfish in Sweden.

Plastic debris

Marine debris is mainly disposed of human garbage that floats, or is suspended in the sea. Eighty percent of marine waste is plastic - a component that has accumulated quickly since the end of World War II. The plastic mass in the oceans may be as high as 100,000,000 tons (98,000,000 tonnes long, 110,000,000 short tons).

Disposable plastic bags, six pack rings, and other forms of plastic waste that end up in the oceans pose a danger to wildlife and fisheries. Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and swallowing. Fish nets, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the sea by fishermen. Known as a ghost net, it involves fish, dolphins, turtles, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, seabirds, crabs, and other creatures, restricting movement, causing hunger, lacerations, infections, and, on those who need to return to the surface for breathe, suffocate.

Many animals that live in the sea or at sea consume flotsam by mistake, as they often look similar to their natural prey. Plastic debris, when large or tangled, is difficult to pass, and can become permanently caught in the digestive tract of these animals. Especially when an evolutionary adaptation makes it impossible for people like turtles to reject plastic bags, which resemble jellyfish when immersed in water, because they have a system in their throats to stop the slippery foods from otherwise escaping. Thereby blocking the journey of food and causing death through hunger or infection.

Plastic accumulates because it does not decompose in the way that many other substances do. They will photodegradate in sun exposure, but they do it right only in dry conditions, and water inhibits this process. In the marine environment, photodegradation plastics crumble into smaller pieces while the remaining polymer, even down to the molecular level. When floating photodegrade plastic particles into zooplankton sizes, the jellyfish try to consume them, and in this way the plastic enters the seafood chain.

Many of these long-lasting pieces end in the belly of birds and marine animals, including sea turtles, and black-legged sea eagles. In the course of Pacific Gyre 2008, researchers Algalita Marine Research Foundation began to find that fish swallow plastic fragments and debris. Of the 672 fish caught during the voyage, 35% swallowed plastic pieces.

Plastic wastes tend to accumulate in the center of the sea gyres. The North Pacific Pilin, for example, has collected the so-called "Great Garbage Patch Pacific", which is now estimated to be one to twenty times the size of Texas (about 700,000 to 15,000,000 square kilometers). It has a very high degree of plastic particles suspended in the upper column of water. In samples taken in 1999, the plastic mass exceeds zooplankton (the dominant animal life in the area) by a factor of six.

Midway Atoll, which is similar to all the Hawaiian Islands, receives a large amount of waste from the trash. Ninety percent plastic, these debris accumulate on the beaches of Midway that pose a danger to the island's bird populations. Midway Atoll is home to two-thirds (1.5 million) global populations of albatros Laysan. Almost all of these albatrosses have plastics in their digestive system and one-third of their chicks die.

The toxic additives used in the manufacture of plastic materials can leak into their environment when exposed to water. Hydrophobic water pollutants collect and enlarge the surface of plastic debris, thus making the plastic much more deadly in the sea than on land. Hydrophobic contaminants are also known to bioaccumulate in fatty tissue, biomagnifying over the food chain and putting pressure on top predators. Some plastic additives are known to interfere with the endocrine system when consumed, others may suppress the immune system or decrease the rate of reproduction.

Floating debris can also absorb persistent organic pollutants from seawater, including PCB, DDT, and PAH. Apart from the toxic effects, when ingested some of these affect the brain cells of animals similar to estradiol, causing hormonal disturbance in the affected wildlife. Saido, a chemist from the College of Pharmacy, conducted a study at Nihon University, Chiba, Japan, who discovered, when the plastic finally decays, they produce bisphenol A (BPA) and toxic PS oligomers into the water. These toxins are believed to bring harm to marine life living in the area.

The growing concern about plastic pollution in marine ecosystems is the use of microplastic. Microplastic are small beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, facial cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, microplastic passes through the water filtration system and into the oceans, but due to their small size they are likely to escape the catch by the initial treatment screen on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to marine organisms, especially filter feeders, because they can easily swallow plastics and become sick. Microplastic is very concerning because it is difficult to clean because of its size, so humans can try to avoid using this harmful plastic by purchasing products that use natural exfoliation that is safe for the environment.

Poison

In addition to plastics, there are special problems with other toxins that are not destroyed rapidly in the marine environment. Examples of persistent toxins are PCB, DDT, TBT, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols, and radioactive waste. Heavy metal is a chemical element of a metal that has a relatively high density and is toxic or toxic at low concentrations. Examples are mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic, and cadmium. Such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation. They are also known to accumulate in benthic environments, such as estuaries and mud bays: the geological record of human activity in the last century.

Specific example

Chinese and Russian industrial pollution such as phenol and heavy metal in the Amur River have destroyed fish stocks and damaged estuarine soil.

Lake Wabamun in Alberta, Canada, formerly the best milkfish lake in the area, now has unacceptably heavy metals in the sediments and fish.

Acute and chronic pollution events have been shown to have an impact on the seawater forests of southern California, although the intensity of the impact appears to depend on the nature of contaminants and the duration of exposure.

Due to its high position in the food chain and the subsequent accumulation of heavy metals from their food, the level of mercury can be high in larger species such as bluefin and albacore. As a result, in March 2004 the FDA issued guidelines recommending that pregnant women, lactating mothers and children limit their intake of tuna and other predatory fish species.

Some shells and crabs can survive in a polluted environment, collecting heavy metals or toxins in their tissues. For example, mitten crabs have a remarkable ability to survive in highly modified aquatic habitats, including contaminated waters. Farming and harvesting such species requires careful management if they will be used as food.

The surface runoff of pesticides can alter the genetics of genetically modified fish species, turning male fish into female fish.

Heavy metals enter the environment through oil spills - such as the Prestige oil spill on the Galician coast - or from other natural or anthropogenic sources.

In 2005, 'Ndrangheta, an Italian mafia syndicate, was accused of drowning at least 30 vessels containing toxic waste, mostly radioactive. This has led to widespread investigation of radioactive waste disposal rackets.

Since the end of World War II, various countries, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany, have disposed of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea, raising concerns about environmental pollution.

The destruction of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant in 2011 caused the radioactive toxins to leak into the air and oceans. There are still many isotopes in the ocean, which directly affect the benthic food web and also affect the entire food chain. The concentrations of 137Cs in contaminated low sediments under high concentrations of water in April-May 2011 remain high and show signs of a very slow decline over time.

Underwater voice

Marine life can be susceptible to noise or noise pollution from sources such as passing ships, oil exploration seismic surveys, and low-frequency active naval sonar. The sound moves faster and larger in the ocean than in the atmosphere. Marine animals, such as cetaceans, often have weak eyesight, and live in a world largely determined by acoustic information. This applies also to deeper sea fish, which live in the dark world. Between 1950 and 1975, ambient noise at one location in the Pacific Ocean increased by about ten decibels (which is a tenfold increase in intensity).

Noise also makes the species communicate more loudly, called Lombard's vocal response. Whale songs are longer when the submarine detector lights up. If creatures do not "talk" loud enough, their voices may be covered by anthropogenic sounds. These inaudible voices may be a warning, looking for prey, or preparation of a clean bubble. When one species starts to speak louder, it will mask the sound of another species, causing the entire ecosystem to finally speak louder.

According to oceanographer Sylvia Earle, "submarine noise pollution is like the death of a thousand wounds.Every vote itself may not be a critical issue, but taken together, the noise from delivery, seismic surveys, and military activity is creating a truly different from what was even 50 years ago, and that high level of noise must have a hard and sweeping impact on marine life. "

Noise from ships and human activity can damage Cnidaria and Ctenophora, which are very important organisms in marine ecosystems. They promote high diversity and they are used as a model for ecology and biology because of its simple structure. When there is a voice under water, the vibrations in the water damage the cilia hair in Coelenterates. In one study, organisms were exposed to sound waves for different amounts of time and the results showed that damaged hair cells were extruded or missing or presented crooked, flaccid or missed kinocilia and stereocilia.

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A lot of anthropogenic pollution ends up in the ocean. The United Nations Environment Program Year 2011 edition identifies as an emerging environmental issue a major loss of oceans with large amounts of phosphorus, "the valuable fertilizer needed to feed the growing global population", and the impact of billions of waste plastic scrap happening globally on the health of the marine environment.

Bjorn Jennssen (2003) notes in his article, "Anthropogenic contamination can reduce the biodiversity and productivity of marine ecosystems, thereby reducing and depleting human seafood resources". There are two ways the overall level of pollution can be reduced: the human population diminishes, or found a way to reduce the ecological footprint left by the average human. If the second way is not adopted, then the first way can be worn as a shaky world ecosystem.

The second way is for humans, individually, to reduce pollution. It requires social and political will, along with a shift in consciousness so that more people respect the environment and less likely to abuse it. At the operational level, regulation, and international government participation is required. Often it is very difficult to regulate marine pollution because pollution spreads over international barriers, making regulations difficult to establish and enforce.

Without proper awareness of marine pollution, the global will needed to deal effectively with problems may prove inadequate. Balanced information on the sources and harmful effects of marine pollution needs to be part of public awareness, and ongoing research is needed to fully build on, and keep current, the scope of the problem. As revealed in Daoji and Dag's research, one of the reasons why environmental problems are lacking among Chinese people is because public awareness is low and therefore should be targeted.

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Legal and policy

In 1948, Harry Truman signed a law known previously as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act that allows the federal government to control marine pollution in the United States.
In 1972, the 1972 Marine Protection, Research and Protection Act was adopted by the Environmental Quality Board that controls the disposal of the oceans.
In 1973 and 1978, MARPOL 73/78 was an agreement written to control ship contamination, particularly on oil. In 1983, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships implemented the MARPOL 73/78 agreement internationally.
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was established to protect the marine environment by governing countries to control their pollution into the oceans. This places restrictions on the amount of toxins and pollutants that come from all international ships.

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References

marine pollution | Public Radio International

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Marine pollution

Sabtu, 30 Juni 2018