Sociology of health and illness

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The sociology of health and disease , alternative health and fitness sociology (or just health sociology ), examines the interaction between society and health. The purpose of this topic is to see how social life affects morbidity and mortality rates, and vice versa. This sociological aspect is different from medical sociology because this branch of sociology deals with health and disease in relation to social institutions such as family, work, and school. Medical sociology limits its attention to the patient-practitioner relationship and the role of health professionals in society. Sociology of health and disease includes sociological pathology (disease and disease causes), reasons for seeking certain types of medical assistance, and patient compliance or noncompliance with the medical regime.

Health, or lack of health, was once caused only by biological or natural conditions. Sociologists have shown that the spread of disease is strongly influenced by the socioeconomic status of individuals, ethnic traditions or beliefs, and other cultural factors. Where medical research may collect statistics about a disease, the sociological perspective on a disease will provide insight into what external factors are causing the demographic to become sick.

This topic requires a global analytical approach because of the influence of various social factors around the world. This will be demonstrated through discussion of major diseases on every continent. The disease is sociologically examined and compared based on specific traditional, economic, religious, and cultural remedies for each region. HIV/AIDS serves as a general basis of comparison between regions. While it is very problematic in certain areas, elsewhere it has affected a relatively small percentage of the population. Sociological factors can help explain why these differences exist.

There is a clear distinction in health and disease patterns in society, over time, and in certain types of societies. Historically there has been a decline in long-term mortality in industrialized societies, and on average, life expectancy is much higher in developed countries, not developing or underdeveloped. The pattern of global change in health care systems makes it more important than ever to research and understand the sociology of health and disease. Continued changes in economics, therapy, technology, and insurance can affect how each community sees and responds to available medical care. These rapid fluctuations cause health and disease problems in social life to become very dynamic in definition. Promoting information is very important because as the pattern develops, the study of the sociology of health and illness needs to be constantly updated.

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Humans have long sought advice from those who have knowledge or skill in healing. Paleopathology and other historical records, allowing an examination of how ancient societies dealt with diseases and epidemics. The ruler of Ancient Egypt sponsored a physician who specialized in certain diseases. Imhotep was the first medical doctor known by name. An Egyptian who lived around 2650 BC, he was King Zoser's adviser at a time when the Egyptians made progress in medicine. Among his contributions to medicine are textbooks on wound care, broken bones, and even tumors.

Stopping the spread of infectious diseases is the most important to maintain a healthy society. The outbreak of disease during the Peloponnesian War was recorded by Thucydides who survived the epidemic. From his account is shown how factors outside the disease itself can affect the community. The Athenians were besieged and concentrated in the city. The big city center is the hardest hit. This makes the plague even more deadly and with the possible shortage of food the fate of Athens is inevitable. About 25% of the population died from illness. Thucydides stated that the epidemic "brought all the same". The disease attacks people of different ages, sexes and nationalities.

Ancient medical systems emphasized the importance of reducing illness through forecasts and rituals. Code of conduct and other dietary protocols are widespread in the ancient world. During the Zhou Dynasty in China, doctors suggested exercise, meditation, and simplicity to maintain one's health. The Chinese connect health with the spiritual. The Indian health regime focuses on oral health as the best method for healthy living. The Talmud Code creates rules for health that emphasize the cleanliness of rituals, diseases associated with certain animals and the created diets. Other examples include the Mosaic Code and Roman baths and aqueduct.

Those most concerned with health, sanitation and illness in the ancient world are those who are in the elite class. Good health is thought to reduce the risk of defilements and thereby increase the social status of the ruling class who see themselves as the flame of civilization. During the late Roman Period, sanitation for the lower classes became a concern for the hasty classes. Those who have the means will contribute to charities that focus on non-elite health. After the decline of the Roman Empire, doctors and concerns with public health disappeared except in the largest cities. Doctors of health and public remain in the Byzantine Empire. Focusing on preventing the spread of diseases such as smallpox leads to a smaller mortality rate in much of the western world. Other factors that allow the rise of the modern population include: improved nutritional and environmental reforms (such as obtaining clean water supplies).

Health today became public concern for the country started in the Middle Ages. Some state interventions include maintaining a clean city, establishing quarantine during the epidemic and overseeing the sewer system. Private companies also play a role in public health. Funding for research and institutions for them to work is funded by governments and private companies. The epidemic is the cause of most government intervention. The initial goal of public health is reactionary while the modern goal is to prevent illness before it becomes a problem. Despite the improvement of world health as a whole, there is still no decrease in health gap between rich people and poor people. Today, society is more likely to blame health issues on individuals than on society as a whole. This is the view prevailing in the late 20th century. In the 1980s, the Black Report, published in the United Kingdom, contradicted this view and argued that the root of the real problem was material deprivation. The report proposes a comprehensive anti-poverty strategy to address this issue. Since this is not parallel to the Conservative government's view, it does not go into action right away. The Conservative government was criticized by the Labor Party for not implementing Black Report's reported suggestions. This criticism gives Black Report the required exposure and its argument is considered a valid explanation for health inequality. There is also a debate whether poverty causes poor health or if poor health leads to poverty. The argument by the National Health Service places great emphasis on poverty and lack of access to health care. It has also been found that heredity has more influence on health than the social environment, but research has also proved that there is indeed a positive correlation between socio-economic inequality and disease.

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Methodology

Sociology of Health and Illness looks at three areas: conceptualization, the study of social measurement and distribution, and the justification of patterns in health and disease. By looking at these things researchers can see the various diseases through the sociological lens. The prevalence and response to various diseases varies by culture. By looking at poor health, researchers can see whether health affects the various rules or social controls. When measuring the distribution of health and illness, it is important to look at official statistics and community surveys. Official statistics make it possible to see people who have been treated. This shows that both of them are willing and able to use health services. It also highlights the views of infected people about their illness. On the other hand, community surveys see people's assessment of their health. Then look at the clinically defined relationship of disease and self-report and find that there are often differences.

Much time, mortality statistics take the place of morbidity statistics because in many advanced societies where people usually die from degenerative conditions, the age at which they die gives them more light on their lifetime of health. This results in many limitations when looking at patterns of illness, but sociologists try to look at various data to analyze better distribution. Typically, developing societies have lower life expectancy compared with developed countries. They also found a correlation between death and sex and age. Very young and old people are more vulnerable to illness and death. The average woman usually lives longer than men, although women are more likely to have poor health.

Disparities in health are also found among people in different social and ethnic classes in the same society, although in the medical profession they are more concerned with "health-related behaviors" such as alcohol consumption, smoking, diet, and exercise. There are many data that support the conclusion that this behavior affects health more significantly than other factors. Sociologists think that it is more useful to see health and disease through a wide lens. Sociologists agree that consumption of alcohol, smoking, diet, and exercise is an important issue, but they also see the importance of analyzing the cultural factors that affect these patterns. Sociologists also see the impact of productive processes on health and disease. While also looking at things like industrial pollution, environmental pollution, workplace accidents, and stress-related illnesses.

Social factors play an important role in developing health and disease. Epidemiological studies show that autonomy and control in the workplace are important factors in the etiology of heart disease. One of the causes is the imbalance of effort-rewards. The decline in career development opportunities and major imbalances in job control have been accompanied by negative health costs. Various studies have shown that pension rights can explain the difference in mortality between retired men and women from different socioeconomic statuses. These studies show that there are external factors that affect health and disease.

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International international perspective

Africa

HIV/AIDS is a leading epidemic affecting African social welfare. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause AIDS which is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans where the immune system begins to fail, causing life-threatening infections. Two-thirds of the world's HIV population is located in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since the epidemic began more than 15 million Africans have died of complications with HIV/AIDS.

People who are separated from religious sub-groups in Sub-Saharan Africa and those who are active and often participate in religious activities are more likely to have a lower risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. On the opposite end, there is much confidence that an infected man can be cured of infection by having sex with a virgin. This belief increases the number of people with the virus and also increases the number of rapes against women.

Herbal treatment is one of the main drugs used to treat HIV in Africa. It is used more than standard treatments because it is more affordable. Herbal treatments are more affordable but poorly researched and managed. The lack of research on whether herbal medicines work and what comprises drugs is a major flaw in the HIV cure cycle in Africa.

Economically, HIV has a significant negative effect. The labor force in Africa is slowly declining, due to death and HIV-related illness. In response, government revenues decreased and so did tax revenues. The government should spend more money than make, to care for those affected by HIV/AIDS.

The main social problem in Africa with regard to HIV is the epidemic of orphans. The epidemic of orphans in Africa is a regional issue. In many cases, both parents are exposed to HIV. Because of this, children are usually raised by their grandmothers and in extreme cases they are raised by themselves. To care for sick parents, children should be more responsible by working to generate income. Not only do children lose their parents but they also lose their childhood as well. Having to take care of their parents, children also lose education which increases the risk of teenage pregnancies and people affected by HIV. The most efficient way to reduce orphan epidemics is prevention: preventing children from acquiring HIV from their mothers at birth, and educating them about the disease as they grow older. Also, educating adults about HIV and caring for an infected person will adequately reduce the population of orphans.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has reduced the average life expectancy of people in Africa over the past twenty years. Age ranges with the highest mortality rates, due to HIV, are those between the ages of 20 and 49. The fact that this age range is when adults earn most of their income, they are unable to send their children to school, because of the high medical costs. It also eliminates those who can aid in responding to the epidemic.

Asia

Asian countries have wide variations in population, wealth, technology, and health care, leading to attitudes toward health and different diseases. Japan, for example, has the third highest life expectancy (82 years), while Afghanistan is the 11th worst (44 years). Major issues in Asian health include childbirth and maternal health, HIV and AIDS, mental health, and aging and parents. These problems are influenced by sociological factors of religion or belief systems, attempts to reconcile traditional medical practices with modern professionalism, and the economic status of the Asian population.

Like other parts of the world, Asia is threatened by a possible HIV and AIDS pandemic. Vietnam is a good example of how society shapes HIV awareness and attitudes in Asia against this disease. Vietnam is a country with feudal, traditional roots, which, due to invasion, war, technology, and travel are becoming increasingly globalized. Globalization has changed traditional point of view and values. It is also responsible for the spread of HIV and AIDS in Vietnam. Even early globalization has added to this problem - Chinese influence has made Vietnam a Confucian society, where women are less important than men. Men in their superiority need not be sexually responsible, and women, generally uneducated, often unaware of risks, perpetuate the spread of HIV and AIDS and other STIs.

Confucianism has had a powerful influence on the belief system in Asia for centuries, especially in China, Japan, and Korea, and its influence can be seen from the way people choose to seek, or not seek, medical care. An important issue in Asia is the social influence on the ability of disabled individuals to adjust to disability. Cultural beliefs shape attitudes toward physical and mental disabilities. China exemplifies this problem. According to the Confucian Chinese tradition (which also applies in other countries where Confucianism has spread), people should always pursue good health in their lives, with an emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. For the Chinese, having a disability signifies that a person does not have the right lifestyle and therefore there is a lack of opportunity for disabled individuals to seek a better way to accept or adapt to their disability.

Indigenous healing practices vary widely throughout Asia but often follow certain patterns and are still prevalent today. Many traditional healing practices include shamanism and herbal medicines, and may have been inherited orally in small groups or even institutionalized and professionalized. In many developing countries the only health care available up until a few decades ago was traditional care and spiritual healing. Now the government must be careful to create a health policy that balances modernity and tradition. Organizations, such as the World Health Organization, are trying to create a policy that respects tradition without trying to replace it with modern science, but rather organize it to ensure safety but keep it accessible. India specifically tries to make traditional medicines safe but still available to as many people as possible, adapting the tradition to adjust modernization while still considering the economic and cultural position of its citizens.

Mental health problems are getting more and more attention in Asian countries. Many of these countries have a preoccupation with modernization and developing their economies, resulting in cultural change. In order to reconcile modern techniques with traditional practices, social psychologists in India are in the process of "psychology of indulgence". Indigenous psychology is what comes from law, theory, principal, and cultural ideas and is unique to every society.

In many Asian countries, childbirth is still treated in a traditional way and considered with a regional attitude. For example, in Pakistan, decisions about pregnancy and antenatal care (ANC) are usually made by older women, often pregnant women's mother-in-law, while mothers and fathers are far from the process. They may or may not receive ANC professionals depending on their education, class, and financial situation. Generally in Asia, childbirth is still a rare female area and male obstetrician. Midwives and female healers are still the norm in many places. Western methods overtake the traditional in an effort to improve maternal health and increase the number of live births.

Asian countries, most of them developing countries, are aging rapidly even as they seek to build their economies. Even rich Asian countries, such as Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan, also have very old populations and therefore should try to defend their economies and communities with younger generations while caring for their elderly citizens. Parents have traditionally been respected and well cared for in most Asian cultures; Experts predict that younger generations in the future tend to be less concerned and involved in health care for their older relatives due to factors such as women joining the workforce more, family separation due to urbanization or migration, and the proliferation of Western ideals such as individualism.

Australia

The health patterns found in the Australian continent that encompass the Pacific Islands, have been strongly influenced by European colonization. While traditional drug beliefs are not significantly prevalent in Australia, traditional ideas still affect health care issues on many Pacific islands. The rapidness of Australian urbanization led to epidemics of typhoid fever and Bubonic plague. Therefore, public health was professionally started in the late 1870s in an attempt to control this and other diseases. Since then the Australian health system has evolved similarly to Western countries and the major cultural influences that affect health care are the political ideologies of the parties that control the government.

Australia has had a treatment facility for 'problem drinkers' since the 1870s. In the 1960s and 1970s it was recognized that Australia had several hundred thousand alcoholics and prevention a priority over drugs, because there was a public consensus that treatments were generally ineffective. The government began to pass laws that seek to curb alcohol consumption but consistently face opposition from the wine-producing regions of southern Australia. The government also waged a war against drugs, especially heroin, which in 1950 became widely used as a pain reliever.

Experts believe that many health problems in the Pacific Islands can be traced back to European colonization and the globalization and modernization of the island's next society. (See Pacific Island History.) European colonization and independence means modernization but also slow economic growth, which has a profound effect on health care, particularly on nutrition in the Pacific Islands. The end of colonization meant the loss of medical resources, and the young independent government was unable to continue the health policies adopted by the colonial government. Nutrition changes radically, contributing to many other health problems. While more prosperous, urban areas can buy food, they choose a poor diet, lead to 'excess nutrients', and lead to very high levels of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The poorer rural communities, on the other hand, continue to suffer malnutrition and malaria.

The traditional diet in the Pacific is very low in fat, but since World War II there has been significant increases in fat and protein in the Pacific diet. The original attitude to weight contributes to the problem of obesity. The native Tonga people see obesity as a positive thing, especially in men. They also believe that women should do as little physical work as possible while men provide it, which means they get a little practice.

Europe

The greatest effort to improve health throughout Europe is the European Region of the World Health Organization. The goal is to improve the health of the poor and disadvantaged by promoting healthy lifestyles including the environment, economically, socially and providing health care. Overall health in Europe is very high compared to other parts of the world. The average life expectancy is about 78 in the EU country but there is a wide gap between Western and Eastern Europe. As low as 67 in Russia and 73 in the Balkan countries. Europe sees increased spread of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe due to the deteriorating socioeconomic situation. Cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes mellitus are more prevalent in Eastern Europe. WHO claims that poverty is the most important factor that leads to poor health throughout Europe. Those with low socioeconomic status and many young people are also at risk because they increase the abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. Prevention of health and disease in Europe is largely funded by government services including: regulating health care, insurance and social programs. However, the role of religion and traditional medicine is often not observed in such reports.

The study of hypertension in the UK has changed to examine the role that belief plays in its diagnosis and treatment. Hypertension is an important topic for the study because it is associated with an increased risk of stroke and coronary heart disease. The most common treatment for hypertension is medication but adherence to this treatment plan is low. A study conducted in England examined the difference between 'white' patients and first generation immigrants from the West Indies. There are different reasons for non-compliance involving the patient's perception and belief about the diagnosis. Patients generally believe that high levels of anxiety when first diagnosed are the main cause and think that when stress levels decrease then hypertension will also occur. Other respondents in this UK-based study have different beliefs about the need for treatment while others still believe that it is a side effect of a drug that makes them terminate the prescribed regimen. Western Indian respondents whose lay culture teaches them to reject long-term drug therapy to choose traditional medicine in larger quantities than 'white' respondents. What can be seen here is that some people will choose to ignore the advice of a physician and will use 'lay consultation' instead.

Before people seek medical help, they try to interpret the symptoms themselves and often consult with others in their lives or use self-help steps. A study of 'everyday illness' in Finland includes: influenza, infection and musculoskeletal problems focusing on the reasons to consult with medical experts and an explanation of the disease. This common disease is examined not because of their seriousness but because of their frequency. The researchers explain five possible triggers that people seek medical help: 1 - the occurrence of interpersonal crisis 2 - the perception of interference with social and personal relations 3 - interference felt with vocational & amp; physical activity - 4 sanctions by others, 5 sufferers, idea of â€‹â€‹how long certain complaints should last. This kind of explanation model is part of the process people use to build a medical culture. They give meaning to illness and health, answering questions about personal responsibility about health and most importantly part of the dialogue between patient and professional illness explanations. This can help investigate why some patients will follow the doctor's instructions for the letter and others ignore it completely. The explanation or understanding of a patient about their illness can be far wider than the physician and this dynamic has become a major critique of modern medical practice because it usually does not include "the social, psychological and experiential dimensions of the disease."

The Finnish study examined 127 patients and the results differed from findings in other countries where there were more 'lay consultations'. Half of the respondents had no lay consultation before coming to the doctor's office. One-third did not try self-care and three-quarters of the sample consulted the doctor within three days after the symptoms developed. A possible explanation is that in Finland there is an aspect of "excessive protection" in their health care system. Many may conclude that Finns are dependent and helpless but researchers from the study find that people choose to consult professionals because they trust them on some of the lay explanations. These results echo a similar study in Ireland that explains this phenomenon as being based on a strong work ethic. Diseases in these countries will affect their jobs and Finns will soon get treatment so they can get back to work. This research from Finland also explains that the relationship between patient and doctor is based on:

the national and city administration bureaucracies that demand more output and more satisfied patients
the public demands better care
nurses who criticize doctors for not taking a holistic view of patients
hospital specialists want better/earlier screening for serious illness (eg cancer).

The conflict between the medical world and the ordinary world is very prominent. On the one hand many patients believe that they are experts of their own bodies and see the Doctor-patient relationship as authoritarian. These people will often use knowledge beyond the medical field to deal with health and illness. Others see doctors as experts and embarrassed describe their symptoms and therefore rely on doctors for diagnosis and treatment.

North America

North America is a fairly new continent, consisting of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Built by the incorporation of wealth, ideas, culture, and practice. North America is highly intellectual, technological, and traditional. The beneficial character of these North American countries has led to a high average life expectancy of 75 years for men and 80 years for women. This leads to the conclusion that North America has cultivated a relatively healthy society. Because North America has several core countries, economic growth in these countries can sustain and develop medical institutions. This then gives more access to health care for Americans but health care is not universal. North America is known to be a leading country in terms of industrialization and modernization, but the United States does not have federal laws on health care as a human right. This delay in healthcare security causes subsequent problems with pharmaceutical competition, lack of care for the elderly, and little attention to alternative treatments. Health and education care is overwhelming with prices and illnesses continue for many reasons. The main reason is that the lower and middle class population still exists in large numbers, maintaining a group highly vulnerable to physical illness.

Major risk factors for North America for current diseases are alcohol abuse, malnutrition, obesity, tobacco use, and water sanitation. Obesity is a recent epidemic in North America. The 1990s brought an increase in the average Body Mass Index, or BMI. From the beginning to the end of the decade, the average percentage of obese adults increased from 12% to 20%. Alcoholism is an addiction to excessive alcohol consumption and is very prevalent in the US. There is a high incidence rate in many other areas of the world. About 61% of American adults drink in 2007, and 21% of current drinkers consume five or more drinks at a point last year. There were also 22,073 deaths from alcohol in the United States last year, about 13,000 of which were linked to liver disease. Alcoholism has many risk factors embedded in North American culture, such as heredity, stress from competition or availability.

Swine flu (also known as the epidemic (H1N1) is a new disease that emerged in the early 21st century. In April 2009, during the early days of the outbreak, a molecular biologist named Dr. Henry Miller wrote in Wall Street Journal about New York high school students.These students seem to bring the virus back from Mexico and infect their classmates.The six cases so far reported in Canada are connected directly or indirectly to travel to Mexico also can be transmitted directly ( through droplets from sneezing or coughing) from pigs to humans, and vice versa.This cross-species infection occurs most often when people are close to a large number of pigs, such as in barns, exhibits of livestock at exhibitions, and slaughterhouses.Flu can be transmitted from humans to humans, either directly or through contaminated surfaces. "

South America

There are many diseases affecting South America, but the two main conditions are malaria and Hepatitis D. Malaria affects every country in South America except Uruguay, Chile, and the Falkland Islands. Elevation is a major factor in the area in which malaria is found. The disease spreads from person to person through mosquito bites. People are usually bitten by mosquitoes at dusk and dawn. Symptoms of this disorder are: high fever, chills, sweating, headache, body aches, weakness, vomiting and diarrhea. If left untreated, new symptoms may occur; the infected person may experience seizures, delirium, and coma. A severe case could end in death. Malaria can be cured, but the symptoms may not be visible for months later. There are three forms of medicine that can cure Malaria. Access of people infected to this drug depends on their access to medical care and their financial situation. The literature on malaria treatment is usually focused on people who become tourists. Most sources are not written with native thought.

The first sign of Hepatitis D was detected in 1978 when a strange and unrecognized internuclear antigen was discovered during liver biopsies from some Italians who suffered from HBV infection. Scientists initially thought that it was the antigenic specificity of HBV, but they soon discovered that it was a protein from another disease altogether. They call it the "Delta Hepatitis Virus" (HDV). This new virus was found to be damaged. HDV requires HBV to act as a helper function in order to be detected. Usually Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood or blood type products. In South America Hepatitis D is found to be fatal. Scientists are still unsure as to how the disease is transmitted in certain South American countries. Sexual contact and drug use are the most common means of transmission. HDV is still considered an unusual form of hepatitis. The agent of this virus resembles plant viroids. It's still difficult to say how many stereotypes there are because HDV is under the HBV umbrella. HDV causes a very high titer in the blood of an infected person. Hepatitis D incubation usually lasts for thirty-five days. Most often Hepatitis D is co-infected with Hepatitis B or super infection with chronic hepatitis. In the case of super infection there is a high mortality rate, ranging from seven to eighty percent; in contrast to co-infection with a mortality rate of one to three percent. There is little information with the ecology of Hepatitis D. Epidemics have been found in Venezuela, Peru, Columbia, and Brazil. People treated for Hepatitis B have been able to control Hepatitis D. People who have chronic HDB will continue to get HDV.

Other diseases affecting South America are HIV and AIDS. In 2008 about two million people suffered from HIV and AIDS. By the end of 2008, one hundred and seventy thousand people were infected with AIDS and HIV. Seventy-seven thousand people died of the disease by the end of the year. Brazil has the greatest number of people affected by AIDS and HIV in South America. Forty-three percent of people in Brazil have HIV. In Brazil, sixty percent of the population uses drugs, HIV-positive, and HIV-positive because of their drug use. Usually the disease is transmitted either by drug use involving needles or unprotected sex. Sharing needles and infected with HIV and AIDS is the most common in Paraguay and Uruguay. South America is trying to get treatment for thousands of people infected by this disease. Brazil offers generic AIDS recipes that are much cheaper than branded drugs. The one hundred eighty-one thousand residents in Brazil who are infected are being treated. That accounts for eighty percent of those who need immediate help. Government assistance has positive results. Statistics show that there is a fifty percent reduction in mortality rate, about sixty to eighty percent reduction in morbidity and a seventy percent reduction in the hospitalization of an infected person.

In a very remote area of â€‹â€‹South America, traditional healers are the only form of health care that people have. In the north of Aymara and southern Mapuche, where indigenous groups have the strongest voice, they still use a lot of traditional medicine. The government in Chile has implemented the Indigenous Health System to help strengthen the health care system. Even with Chilean indigenous groups, Chile still has the best public health service in South America. They also have the lowest mortality rate in the area. Their health care policy centers around the welfare of families and communities by focusing on strategies to prevent health strategies. Reports have shown an increase in mental health problems, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

The South American economy is growing rapidly and has many industries. The main industry in South America is agriculture. Other industries are fisheries, handicrafts, and natural resources. The trading and export-import markets continue to grow. In the past the countries of South America moved slowly in terms of economic development. South America began to build its economy since World War II. The largest economies in South America are Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Columbia. Venezuela, Peru, and Argentina's economy grew very rapidly.

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References

Sociology in Modules Richard T. Schaefer. - ppt video online download

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Sociology of health and illness

Senin, 18 Juni 2018