Contemporary architecture is 21st century architecture. There is no single dominant style; contemporary architects work in a dozen different styles, ranging from postmodernism and high-tech architecture to highly conceptual and expressive styles, resembling sculptures on a large scale. Various styles and approaches have in common the use of highly advanced technology and modern building materials, such as Tube structures that enable higher building construction, lighter and stronger than buildings in the 20th century, and the use of new computer-aided design techniques, buildings to be designed and modeled on computers in three dimensions, and built with more precision and speed.
Contemporary buildings are designed to be noticed and to be extraordinary. Some of the features of concrete structures are wrapped in glass or aluminum screens, the facade is very asymmetrical, and the cantilever part is hanging over the road. Skyscrapers twist, or break down into aspects like crystals. The facade is designed to sparkle or change color at different times of the day.
While the main monuments of modern architecture in the 20th century are largely concentrated in the United States and Western Europe, contemporary architecture is global; important new buildings have been built in China, Russia, Latin America, and particularly in the Gulf States of the Middle East; Burj Khalifa in Dubai is the tallest building in the world by 2016, and the Shanghai Tower in China is the second highest.
Most of the landmarks of contemporary architecture are the work of a small group of architects working on an international scale. Many were designed by famous architects in the late 20th century, including Mario Botta, Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Norman Foster, Ieoh Ming Pei and Renzo Piano, while others were the work of a new generation born during or after World War II , including Zaha Hadid, Santiago Calatrava, Daniel Libeskind, Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Rem Koolhaas, and Shigeru Ban. Another project is the collective work of several architects, such as UNStudio and SANAA, or giant multinational agencies such as Skidmore, Owings & amp; Merrill, with thirty architects and a large team of engineers and designers, and Gensler, with 5,000 employees in 16 countries.
Video Contemporary architecture
Museum
Some of the most striking and innovative works of contemporary architecture are art museums, often exemplified by sculptural architecture, and the main works of the architects. The Quadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Its structures include "brise soleil" that can be shaken, such as the wings that open for a 217-foot (66 m) wingspan during the day, fold over a high curved structure at night or during bad weather.
The Walker Art Center in Minneapolis (2005), designed by the Swiss architects Herzog and de Meuron, designed the Modern Tate museum in London, and who won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, the most prestigious award in architecture, in 2001. Contrasting the modernist structure designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes by adding a five-story tower in a fine gray aluminum panel, which changes color with the changed light, connecting with a wide glass gallery leading to the old building. This is also in harmony with two opposite stone churches.
The Polish-born American architect Daniel Libeskind (b. 1946) is one of the most prolific architects of contemporary museums. He was an academic before he began designing buildings, and was one of the earliest proponents of the deconstructivist architectural theory. The exterior of Imperial War Museum North in Manchester, England (2002), has an exterior that resembles, depending on light and time, large pieces of earth or steel plates, and is said to symbolize the destruction of war. In 2006, Libeskind completed the Hamilton House from the Denver Art Museum in Denver Colorado, consisting of twenty sloping planes, none aligned or perpendicular, covered with 230,000 square feet of titanium panel. Inside, the gallery walls are all different, sloping and asymmetrical. Libeskind completes another striking museum, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2007), also known as "The Crystal", a building that resembles a crushed crystal. Libeskind museums have been admired and attacked by critics. While admiring the many features of the Denver Art Museum, New York Times architectural critic Nicolai Ouroussoff writes that "In an oblique wall building and an asymmetrical room - the tortured geometry produced purely by formal consideration - it it is almost impossible to enjoy art. "
De Young Museum in San Francisco designed by Swiss architect Herzog & amp; de Meuron. Opened in 2005, replacing the old structure that was severely damaged in the 1989 earthquake. The new museum is designed to blend with the landscapes of the park, and to withstand strong earthquakes. The building can move up to three feet (91 cm) on the ball-bearing shearing plate and a thickened viscous damper that absorbs kinetic energy.
Zentrum Paul Klee by Renzo Piano is an art museum near Berne Switzerland located next to the autoroute in the Swiss countryside. This museum combines the scenery by taking the form of three hills, made of steel and glass. One building houses a gallery (which is almost entirely underground, to preserve Klee's fragile image of the sun) while the other two "hills" contain educational centers and administrative offices.
Center Pompidou-Metz, in Metz, France, (2010), a branch of the Center Pompidou modern art museum in Paris, designed by Shigeru Ban, a Japanese architect who won the Pritzker Prize for Architecture in 2014. The roof is the most dramatic feature of the building; it is a 90 m (300 ft) hexagon with a surface area of ​​8,000 m 2 (86,000 sq ft), consisting of sixteen kilometers of glued laminated wood, intersected to form a hexagonal wood unit. resembles Chinese hat patterns. The geometry of the roof is irregular, showing curves and curves opposite throughout the building, and in particular three exhibition galleries. The entire wooden structure is covered with a white fiberglass membrane and a layer of teflon, which protects from direct sunlight, but allows light to pass through.
Louis Vuitton Foundation by Frank Gehry (2014) is a contemporary art gallery located adjacent to the Bois de Boulogne in Paris which opened in October 2014. Gehry describes his architecture as inspired by the Grand Palais glass from the Paris Exhibition of 1900 and by the greenhouse giant of Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil near the park, built by Jean-Camille Formigà ©  © in 1894-95. Gehry must work within high limits and tight volumes, requiring each part of the building on two floors to be made of glass. Due to the height limit, the building is low, located on an artificial lake with water running under the building. The interior gallery structure is covered in a white fibrous concrete called Ductal. Similar in concept to Walt Disney Gehry Concert Concert, the building is wrapped with a curved glass panel resembling a screen that is inflated by the wind. The "Screen" glass display is made of 3,584 laminated glass panels, each having a different shape, specifically curved for its place in the design. Inside the screen is a group of two-story towers containing 11 different size galleries, with flower garden terraces, and a roof space for display.
The new Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City by Renzo Piano (2015) takes a very different approach from the museum of Frank Gehry's statue. The Whitney has an industrial-looking facade, and blends with the environment. Michael Kimmelman, architectural critic of the New York Times called the building a "mishmash of styles" but noted the resemblance to Pompey's Piano's Center in Paris, in a way that mixes with the surrounding public spaces.. "Unlike architecture with big names," Kimmelman wrote, "it's not a strange trophy-shaped building, where all the practical stuff from the museum work has to be installed."
The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art is actually two buildings created by different architects; an early five-story postmodernist structure (1995) by Swiss architect Mario Botta, who has joined a much larger, ten-story white gallery by Norwegian-based Sná¸hetta (2016). The expanded buildings include a green wall of native living plants in San Francisco; a free ground floor gallery with 7.6 m (7.6 m) glass walls that will put art on view to passers-by, and skylight glasses flooding the office upstairs (though no gallery) with light. The facade is wrapped with a lightweight panel made of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic. The critical reaction to the building was mixed. Roberta Smith of the New York Times says the building sets new standards for museums, and writes: "The twisted and wrinkled building facade, full of indentations and subtle bulges, forms a brilliant alternative to the traditional straight-box modernists and rebellion against those initiated by Frank Gehry, with computer-inspired acrobats. "On the other hand, Guardian critics from London compare the building facade with a" giant meringue with little Ikea. "
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Concert Halls
Santiago Calatrava designed the Auditorio de Tenerife concert hall in Tenerife, the main Canary Islands town. with wings that resemble a reinforced concrete shell. The shells touch the ground only at two points.
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles (2003) is one of the main works by California architect Frank Gehry The exterior is made of stainless steel, shaped like a sailboat display. The interior is in Vineyard style, with the audience circling the stage. Gehry designed a dramatic organ pipe arrangement to complement the exterior style of the building.
The Casa da Musica in Porto, Portugal, by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas (2005) is unique among the concert halls as it has two walls made entirely of glass. Nicolai Ouroussoff, architectural critic of the New York Times, writes "The concrete shape carved in the building, resting on a polished stone carpet, shows a bomb that will explode." He states that in originality it is wrong one of the most important concert halls built in the last 100 years ". ranked with the Walt Disney Concert Hall, in Los Angeles, and the Berliner Philharmonie.
The interior of Copenhagen Opera House by Henning Larsen (2005) has oak flooring and maple walls to enhance the acoustic cap. Queen's royal box, usually placed behind, next to the stage.
The Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, Tennessee, by David M. Schwarz & amp; Earl Swensson (2006), is an example of Neo-Classical architecture, borrowed literally from Roman and Greek models. This completes another Nashville landmark, a full-scale Parthenon replica.
The Philharmonie de Paris by French architect Jean Nouvel was opened in 2015. The concert hall is located in La Villette, in a garden on the edge of Paris devoted to museums, music schools and other cultural institutions, where its unusual shape merges with the end of the century 20th. medieval modern architecture. The exterior of the building is an irregular clipping piece cut by a horizontal fin showing the upper direction. The outside is covered by thousands of small pieces of aluminum in three different colors, from white to gray to black. A path leads to the top of the building onto the terrace with dramatic views of the peripheral highways around the city. views of the neighborhood. Halls, like the Disney Hall in Los Angeles, have Vineyard-style seating, with viewers circling the main stage. Seats can be rearranged in different styles depending on the type of music performed. When it opened, architectural critics from the London Guardian compared it to a space ship that landed on the outskirts of the city.
Elbphilharmonie concert hall in Hamburg, Germany, by Herzog & amp; de Meuron, which was inaugurated in January 2017, is the tallest inhabited building in the city, with a height of 110 meters (360 feet). The glass concert hall, which has 2,100 seats in the Vineyard style, perched above the former warehouse. One side of the concert hall contains the hotel, while the structure on the other side above the concert hall contains forty-five apartments. The concert hall in the middle is isolated from the sound of other parts of the building by "eggshells" from plaster panels and paper and insulation that resemble feather pillows.
Skyscraper
Skyscrapers (usually defined as buildings over 40 stories) first appeared in Chicago in the 1890s, and were largely an American style in the mid-20th century, but in the 21st century skyscrapers found in almost every major city on every continent. A new construction technology, framed tube structure, was first developed in the United States in 1963 by structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skimore, Owings and Merrill, which enabled the construction of super-high buildings, requiring fewer interior walls, many window spaces, and better resist lateral forces, such as strong winds.
The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates is the tallest structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m (2,722 ft). Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior finished 5 years later in 2009. The main structure is reinforced concrete. The Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then from Skidmore, Owings & amp; Merrill (SOM). He is also the principal architect of Jin Mao Tower, Pearl River Tower, and Trump International Hotel & amp; Tower
Adrian Smith and his own company are architects for buildings that, by 2020, will replace the Burj-Khalifa as the tallest building in the world. The Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is planned to be 1,008 meters, or (3,307 feet) tall, which will make it the tallest building in the world, and the first building has a height of more than one kilometer. Construction begins in 2013, and the project is scheduled to be completed by 2020.
After the destruction of the World Trade Center's twin towers in the September 11 terrorist attacks, a new trading center was designed, with the main tower designed by David Childs of SOM. One World Trade Center, opened in 2015, is 1,776 feet (541 m). high, making it the tallest building in the western hemisphere.
In London, one of the most famous contemporary landmarks is the 30 St Mary Ax, known as "The Gherkin", designed by Norman Foster (2004). This replaces the London Millennium Tower, a much higher project that Foster has previously proposed for the same site, which will be the tallest building in Europe, but so high that it disrupts the flight pattern for Heathrow Airport. The steel frame from Gherkin is integrated into the glass facade, giving it the colorful appearance of easter Russian eggs that extend,
The tallest building in Moscow is the Mercury City Tower in Moscow, designed by American architects Frank Williams with Mikhail Posokhin and Gennadiy Sirota. Completed in 2012, with a height of 338 meters, it surpassed The Shard in London when it was built as the tallest building in Europe.
The tallest building in China in 2015 is the Shanghai Tower by the architectural and design company Gensler AS. The 632-meter high (2,073Ã, ft), with 127 floors, makes it in 2016 the second tallest building in the world. It also features the fastest elevator, which reaches speeds of 20.5 meters (40 feet) per second or 74 kilometers per hour.
Most skyscrapers are designed to express modernity; The most important exception is Abraj Al Bait, a complex of seven skyscrapers built by the government of Saudi Arabia to accommodate the pilgrims who come to the holy shrine of Mecca. The core of this group is Makkah Palace Clock Tower Hotel, with gothic revival tower; it is the fourth tallest building in the world in 2016, 581.1 meters (1906 feet).
Residential buildings
The trends in contemporary residential architecture, especially in rebuilding older neighborhoods in big cities, are luxury condo towers, with very expensive apartments for sale designed by "starchitects", that is, internationally renowned architects. These buildings often have little to do with their environmental architecture, but stand like signature works from their architects.
Daniel Libeskind (born 1946), was born in Poland and studied, taught and practiced architecture in the United States. In 2016 he was professor of architecture at UCLA in Los Angeles, He was known for his writings as his architecture; he is the founder of a movement called Deconstructivism. Famous for its museums, it also built apartment complexes in Singapore (2011) and The Ascent at Roebling's Bridge, a 22-storey apartment building in Covington, Kentucky (2008). The latter name is taken from the nearby Roebling Suspension Bridge on the Ohio River, but the structure of a luxury condo building is highly contemporary, sloping upward like a cable bridge to the top, with a sharp tip and a slight leaning out as the building rises.
One of the cheerful features of contemporary residential architecture is color; Bernard Tschumi uses colored ceramics on the facade as well as unusual shapes to make the building stand out. One example is Blue Condominium in New York City (2007).
Another contemporary trend is the conversion of industrial buildings into mixed housing communities. An example is the Gasometer in Vienna, a group of four massive brick production towers built in the late 19th century. They have been transformed into a mixed residential, commercial and office complex, completed between 1999 and 2001. Some residences are located inside the tower, and others are in new buildings attached to them. The upper floor is reserved for mid-to-high floor housing units, and ground floor to entertainment and shopping centers. with a sky bridge connecting the level of the shopping center. Each tower was built by leading architects, participants were Jean Nouvel, Coop Himmelblau, Manfred Wehldorn, and Wilhelm Holzbauer. The historic exterior walls of the tower are preserved.
The Isbjerget, Denmark for "icebergs", in Aarhus, Denmark (2013), is a group of four buildings with 210 apartments, both rented and owned, for residents with multiple revenues, located on the banks of the former industrial port in Denmark. The complex is designed by the Danish company CEBRA and JDS Architects, French architect Louis Paillard and the Dutch company SeARCH, and is funded by a Danish pension fund. The building is designed so that all units, even those at the back, have a sea view. The design and color of the building is inspired by icebergs. The buildings are covered in white terrazzo and have a balcony made of blue glass.
Religious architecture
Surprisingly some contemporary churches were built between 2000 and 2017. Church architects, with few exceptions, rarely show the same freedom of expression as museum architects, concert halls, and other large buildings. The new cathedral for the City of Los Angeles California, designed in a postmodern style by Spanish architect Rafael Moneo. The previous cathedral was badly damaged by an earthquake in 1995; The new building was specially designed to withstand similar shocks.
The Northern Lights Cathedral, by Denmark's Danish-based international company Schmidt, Hammer and Lassen, is located in Alta, Norway, one of the northernmost cities in the world. Their other important works include the Danish National Library in Copenhagen.
Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir is a Hindu Temple in Vrindivan, in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, which is being built at the end of 2016. The architects are InGenious Studio Pvt. Ltd. of Gurgaon and Quintessence Design Studio of Noida, in India, Its entrance is the traditional style of Nagara Indian architecture, while the contemporary tower, with glass facades up to 70th floor. It is scheduled for completion in 2019. When completed, at 700 feet (213 meters or 70 floors) it will be the highest religious structure in the world.
One of the most unusual contemporary churches is St. Anglican Cathedral. Jude in Iqaluit, capital of Nunavut, northernmost and most rare territory in Canada. The Church is built in the form of an igloo, and serves the Inuktitut-speaking population of the area.
Anothet of an unusual contemporary church is the Cardboard Cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban. It replaces the city's main cathedral, damaged by the Christchurch earthquake of 2011. The cathedral, which houses seven hundred people, rises 21 meters (69 feet) above the altar. Materials used include cardboard tubes of 60 cm (24 inches) in diameter, wood and steel. The roof is from polycarbon, with eight shipping containers forming a wall. "Coated with waterproof polyurethane and flame retardants" with a two inch gap between them so that light can filter inside.
Stadium
Swiss architect Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron designed the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany, completed in 2005. It houses 75,000 spectators. This structure is wrapped with 2,874 ETFE-foil air panels that are continuously pumped with dry air; each panel can be irradiated independently, red, white, or blue. When illuminated, the stadium is visible from the Austrian Alps, fifty miles (80 kilometers) away.
Among the most prestigious projects and the most famous project in contemporary architecture is the stadium for the Olympics, whose architects are selected by published international competitions. Beijing National Stadium, built for the 2008 Olympics and known as Bird's Nest due to its intricate exterior skeleton, was designed by the Swiss firm of Herzog & amp; de Meuron, with Chinese architect Li Xinggang. It was designed to accommodate 91,000 spectators, and when it was built it had a roof that could be opened, as it was released. Like many contemporary buildings, there are actually two structures; a concrete bowl where the audience sits, surrounded at a distance of fifty feet with a glass frame and steel steels. The "Bird's nest" exterior design is inspired by Chinese ceramic patterns. The stadium when completed is the largest enclosed space in the world, and also the largest steel structure, with 26 kilometers of steel that is not wrapped.
National Stadium in Kaohsiung, Taiwan by Japanese architect, Toyo Ito (2009), is a dragon form. Another distinctive feature is the arrangement of solar panels that cover almost all the exterior, providing most of the energy required by the complex.
Government building
Government buildings, once formerly almost universal and serious, usually in a variety of neoclassical architecture, began to appear in a more plural and even strange form. One of the most dramatic examples is the London City Hall by Norman Foster (2002), the headquarters of the Greater London Authority. Unusual egg-like building design is intended to reduce the number of exposed walls and to conserve energy, although the results have not fully met expectations. One unusual feature is the spiral staircase that spirals from the lobby to the top of the building.
Several new government buildings, such as the Parliament House, Valletta, Malta by Renzo Piano (2015) create controversy because of the differences between their style and the historic architecture around them.
Most new government buildings seek to express solidity and seriousness; the exception is the Port Authority ( Havenhuis ) in Antwerp, Belgium by Zaha Hadid (2016), where structures such as glass and steel vessels on a white concrete landing seem to have landed on the old port of the building built in 1922 The square glass structure also resembles a diamond, a symbol of Antwerp's role as a major diamond market in Europe. It was one of the last works of Hadid, who died in 2016.
University building
The Dr Chau Chak Wing Building is the Business School building of Sydney University of Technology in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, designed by Frank Gehry and completed in 2015. It is the first building in Australia designed by Gehry. The building's façade, made of 320,000 specially designed bricks, is described by one critic as a "carded brown paper bag". Frank Gehry replied, "Maybe it's a brown paper bag, but flexible on the inside, there's plenty of room for change or movement."
The Siamese Twins Towers "di Universitas Katolik Kepausan Cile di Santiago, Chili adalah oleh arsitek Chili Alejandro Aravena (lahir 1967), selesai pada 2013. Aravena adalah pemenang Hadiah Pritzker Arsitektur 2016.
Pustaka
The Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria, Egypt, by the Norwegian company SnÃÆ'¸hetta (2002), attempts to recreate, in the modern form, the famous ancient Library of Alexandria. The building, on the edge of the Mediterranean, has a rack space for eight million books, and a main reading room of 20,000 square meters (220,000 sqÃ, ft) at eleven flowing levels. plus galleries for exposition and planetarium. The main reading room is covered by a 32-meter-high glass-topped roof, tilting toward the sea like a sundial, and measuring about 160 m. The walls are gray Aswan granite, engraved with characters from 120 different human scripts.
The Seattle Central Library by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas (2006) features glass and steel wrappings around platform piles. One unusual feature is the road with a bookcase that continuously spins up four floors.
Malls and retail stores
Shopping malls are commercial architectural elephants, large structures that incorporate retail stores, food outlets, and entertainment under one roof. The largest in the area (though not in retail space, as many of the malls are devoted to entertainment and public spaces) and perhaps the most extravagant is Dubai Mall in the United Arab Emirates, designed by DP Architect of Singapore and opened in (2008), featuring, in addition to shops and restaurants, a giant aquarium and an underwater zoo, plus a large ice skating rink, and, right outside, the highest fountain and tallest building in the world.
In competition with shopping centers are shopping centers in the city center and shops of individual designer brands. These buildings are traditionally designed to attract attention and to express the modernity of the products they sell. A noteworthy example is the Selfridge Department Store in Birmingham, England, a department store designed by Future Systems firm, founded in 1979 by Jan Kaplicky (1937-2009). The department store's exterior consists of corrugated concrete in a convex and concave shape, entirely covered with glistening blue and white ceramic tiles.
Designer brand stores are trying to make their logos look and to set themselves apart from department stores. One notable example is the Louis Vuitton store in the Ginza district of Tokyo, with a new facade designed by Japanese studios Jun Aoki and Associates with a patterned shell and holes based on the brand logo.
Airport, railway station and transportation hub
Beijing Capital International Airport has become one of the fastest growing airports in the world. The new Terminal Three was designed by Norman Foster to handle the increasing number of passengers coming for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The terminal is the second largest in the world, after the Dulles Airport terminal near Washington, DC, and in 2008 was the sixth largest building in the world. The flat roofed building looks like part of the runway from the top.
The World Trade Center Transport Hub is a station built under fountains and squares to honor the victims of the 2001 terrorist attacks in 2001 in New York City, It was designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and opened in 2016. The above ground structure, called the Oculus, has been compared to a bird that will fly, and take the passengers to the train station under the plaza. Michael Kimmelman, architectural critic from the New York Times praised the towering upward look inside the Oculus, but condemned what he called the cost of building (the most expensive railway station ever built) "scale, monotonous material and its color, preening formalism and ignoring the harsh urban fabric. "
Bridge
Some of the leading contemporary architects, including Norman Foster, Santiago Calatrava, Zaha Hadid, have turned their attention to designing the bridge. One of the most remarkable examples of contemporary architecture and engineering is the Millau Viaduct in southern France, designed by architect Norman Foster and structural engineer Michel Virlogeux. The Millau Viaduct crosses the Tarn River valley and forms part of the A75-A71 autoroute axis from Paris to BÃÆ'Â © ziers and Montpellier. It was officially inaugurated on December 14, 2004. It is the highest bridge in the world with a single pole peak at 343.0 meters (1,125 feet) above the base of the structure.
British-Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid built the Bridge Pavilion in Zaragoza. Spain for an international exposition there in 2008. The bridge, which also serves as an exposition space, is constructed of reinforced concrete with an outer layer of fiberglass in various shades of gray. Since the event closed, the bridge has been used to host the exposition and performances.
Some of the smaller new bridges also offer simple yet highly innovative designs. The Gateshead Millennium Bridge in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, (2004) designed by Michel Virlogeux, to allow pedestrians and cyclists to cross the Tyne River, tilted to one side to allow the ship to pass beneath.
Eco-architecture
The trend that developed in the 21st century is eco-architecture, also called sustainable architecture; buildings with features that conserve heat and energy, and sometimes generate their own energy through solar cells and windmills, and use solar heat to generate solar hot water. They can also be built with their own wastewater treatment and sometimes rainwater harvest. Some buildings integrate green wall gardens and green roofs into their structures. Other features of eco-architecture include the use of wood and recycled materials. There are several green building certification programs, the most notable of which are Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, or LEED ratings, which measure the environmental impact of buildings.
Many urban skyscrapers like 30 Saint Mary Ax in London use double glazing to save energy. Double skin and curved shape of the building create a difference in air pressure that helps keep the building cool in summer and warmer in winter, reducing the need for air conditioning. Template: Sfn: Hopkins
BedZED, designed by British architect Bill Dunster, is an entire community of eighty-two houses in Hackbridge, near London, built in accordance with the principles of eco-architecture. Homes face south to take advantage of the sun and have triple-lined windows for insulation, a significant portion of the energy comes from solar panels, rainwater is collected and reused, and cars are discouraged. BedZED managed to reduce electricity usage by 45 percent and hot water usage by 81 percent of the average borough in 2010, although a successful system for generating heat by burning wood chips proved elusive and difficult.
The CaixaForum Madrid is a museum and cultural center on Paseo del Prado 36, Madrid, by Swiss architects Herzog & amp; de Meuron, built between 2001 and 2007, is an example of green architecture and recycling. Its main structure is the abandoned brick power plant, with a new floor built on top. The new floor is encased in an oxidized cast iron, which has a rusty red color as a brick from an old power plant underneath. The building next to it has a green wall designed by French botanist Patrick Blanc. The red upstairs contrasts with the plants on the wall, whereas the green wall is in harmony with the botanical garden next to the cultural center.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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